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INTRODUCTION TO: GENETICS IN 139 Headings Vocabulary Important Information GREGOR MENDEL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS • AT 21 YEARS OLD HE JOINED THE MONASTERY IN BRUNN, AUSTRIA • HIS JOB WAS TO TEND TO THE GARDEN • IN 1851, HE ENTERED THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA TO STUDY SCIENCE & MATH • IN MATH HE LEARNED THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS • STATISTICS HELPED W/HIS DISCOVERY OF HEREDITY: – THE TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING. • MENDEL LATER RETURNED TO THE MONASTERY AND TAUGHT HIGH SCHOOL AND KEPT HIS GARDEN GOING. • HE STUDIED MANY TYPES OF PLANTS BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR... • PISUM SATIVUM, AKA: – GARDEN PEAS! • OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS: – EACH OCCURRED IN 2 CONTRASTING TRAITS) • USING STATISTICS MENDEL ANALYZED THE DIFFERENCES HE OBSERVED! 1920s. This shows a close up of the garden area. It is here that Mendel grew his peas. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. PLANT HEIGHT--LONG/SHORT FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM--AXIAL OR TERMINAL POD COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW POD APPEARANCE--INFLATED/ CONSTRICTED FLOWER COLOR--PURPLE/WHITE SEED TEXTURE--SMOOTH/WRINKLED SEED COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW HIS OBSERVATIONS: • FLOWER COLOR : – PURPLE-FLOWERS PURPLE FLOWER – PURPLE-FLOWER WHITE-FLOWERING • PLANT HEIGHT: – TALL PLANT SEEDS--> TALL PLANTS – TALL PLANT SEEDS--> SHORT PLANTS WHY DO YOU THINK THIS HAPPENED? FLOWER ANATOMY • ANTHER: MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART • STIGMA: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART MENDEL’S METHODS • HE CONTROLLED THE EXPERIMENT BY CHOOSING HOW THE PLANTS WERE POLLINATED. • POLLINATION: – POLLEN GRAINS FROM ANTHER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA • SELF-POLLINATION: – The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different flowers on the same plant. CROSS-POLLINATION: • INVOLVES FLOWERS OF 2 SEPARATE PLANTS • THE PEA PLANT THAT MENDEL STUDIED REPRODUCED BY SELFPOLLINATION WHAT MENDEL DID… • 1ST: SELF-POLLINATION CAN BE INTERRUPTED • 2ND: CROSS-POLLINATION PERFORMED. • HOW THIS IS DONE: – A) REMOVE THE ANTHER FROM A FLOWER – B) MANUALLY TRANSFER ANTHER OF A FLOWER ON ONE PLANT TO THE STIGMA OF A FLOWER ON ANOTHER PLANT • THIS GAVE MENDEL A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT. P1 GENERATION: – PARENT GENERATION – MENDEL USED 14 STRAINS FOR EACH OF THE 14 TRAITS HE OBSERVED – WHEN PLANTS MATURED HE RECORDED THE NUMBER OF EACH TYPE OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY EACH P1 PLANT F1 GENERATION: • GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY THE P1 PLANT F2 GENERATION: –THE PLANTS THAT WERE PRODUCED BY THE F1 GENERATION OF PLANTS • FIRST FILIAL GENERATION • THESE THEN SELFPOLLINATED AND COLLECTED SEEDS F2 generation HOW COULD THESE TESTS HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW WE INHERIT OUR TRAITS? DOMINANT & RECESSIVE • MENDEL CALLED THE TALL HEIGHT OF THE PLANT DOMINANT – B/C IT HID/MASKED OR DOMINATED THE SHORT HEIGHT •THE SHORT PLANT WAS CALLED RECESSIVE •HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO US? PUNNETT SQUARE • TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE RESULTS IN GENETICS • CAPITAL LETTER “A” REPRESENTS DOMINANT ALLELE • LOWERCASE LETTER “a” REPRESENTS recessive ALLELE • LET’S DRAW AN ALLELE ON YOUR LEFT PAGE GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE • GENOTYPE: THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT OR WHAT THE LETTER (ALLELE) REPRESENTS: – “T” – “t” • PHENOTYPE: IS HOW THE ALLELE LOOKS – “T” = TALL PLANT – “t” = short PLANT • HOMOZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM W/2 ALIKE ALLELES FOR A TRAIT THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME (tt OR TT) • HETEROZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM THAT HAS 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT (Tt) PUNNETT SQUARE EXAMPLES