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Chapter 11 Review
GENETICS
Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
In a plant that has red flowers, red flower
color, R, is completely dominant to
white flower color, r. If the plant is
heterozygous for flower color, which
alleles will be carried by the gametes it
produces?
A. R and r
A. R and r
b. R only
c.
d.
r only
Rr only
Transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring is called
___________________.
heredity
Genetics
_____________
is the study of how
characteristics are passed on from
one generation to the next.
RECESSIVE = An allele
__________________
that IS MASKED BY the
presence of another allele
The appearance of an organism is
its _____________
phenotype
Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the right
Punnett square
is called a _____________
DOMINANT
__________________
= An allele
that MASKS the presence of
another allele
A recessive gene is represented
lower case
by a _________________
letter.
What phenotypic ratio would you
expect to see in offspring from a
monohybrid cross of 2
heterozygous parents?
3:1
Dominant:recessive
EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
•
•
•
•
1 in 4
2 in 4
3 in 4
4 in 4
EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
•
•
•
•
75%
50%
25%
0%
ALLELES
_______________
are different gene
choices for a trait.
A dominant gene is represented by
a ____________
letter.
capital
(usually the first letter of the trait)
When a heterozygous individual shows
a blending of 2 alleles instead of one
being dominant over the other it is called
Incomplete dominance
___________
____________.
When both alleles in the pair are the
SAME the organism is
HOMOZYGOUS or __________
PURE
_______________
EX. RR, tt, SS, ss
When both alleles in the pair
are NOT the same the
organism is HYBRID
R = red flowers
r = white flowers
Red
An Rr organism would have ____________
flowers if
this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
pink
An Rr organism would have ____________
flowers if
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
An Rr organism would have ______________
red & white flowers
if this trait was CODOMINANT.
EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
A. 2 red, 1 pink, 1
white
B. 1 red, 1 pink, 1
white
C. 1 red, 1 pink, 2
white
D. 2 red, 2 white
What are Mendel’s 2 laws of
heredity?
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
The offspring of the P1 generation
are called the ____
F1 generation
Give an example of a trait that
shows incomplete dominance
flower color in Four o’clocks
TRUE or FALSE
A person with Type O blood could
be a blood donor for a person with
Type AB blood.
True; Type O is the universal donor
When both alleles in the pair are
DIFFERENT the organism is
HETEROZYGOUS or _____________
HYBRID
_________________
A cross that involves only 1 trait
monohyrid
is called a ____________
cross.
T = Tall
t = short
The genotype of the
offspring from the
Tt
cross at the right is _________.
tall
Their phenotype is _________.
EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
A. Three-quarters of the
plants are tall and purple.
B. Three-quarters of the
plants are short and
white.
C. All are short and white.
D. All are tall and purple.
Which of the following genotypes
is homozygous?
TT
TT
Ww
Bb
rr
mm
BB
rr
mm
BB
Tt
Another name for homozygous is
pure
________.
Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a
DIHYBRID cross?
This one!
In the cross at the
right __________
red
is dominant for
flower color.
Which of the following genotypes
is from a heterozygous organism?
Tt
Tt
SS
bb
Mm
Mm
Rr
Rr
kk
DNA
A gene is a segment of _______
that codes for a trait.
The Law of Segregation and the
Law of Independent Assortment
are the result of the movement of
meiosis
chromosomes during ___________
mitosis
meiosis
DNA molecule
DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long
chain of sub-units
The sub-units are called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of
a sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group -PO4 and
an organic base
3
5
The bases
The most common organic bases are
Adenine
(A)
Thymine
(T)
Cytosine
(C)
Guanine
(G)
Bonding 1
10
The bases always pair up in the same way
mRNA has the base URACIL instead of THYMINE...
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
Adenine
Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine
The Punnett square below shows
dihybrid cross.
a ___________
homozygous
monohybrid
dihybrid
test
Crossing a
red haired horse
with a white haired
horse produces a
roan colored horse.
(Both alleles for hair color show together).
This kind of inheritance is called
___________________
Co-dominance
What type of genotype is used to make a
test cross?
Homozygous recessive
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BbTt
BT
______
bt
______
bT
Bt
_______
_______
In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is
dominant over brown fur (b).
If a black Guinea pig is crossed with
a brownGuinea pig and the litter
contains a brown baby, the genotype
of the black parent is probably
BB
Bb
bb
Bb; Must have one B to be black
must have one b to pass on to baby
Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a
MONOHYBRID cross?
This one!
Crossing individuals from the
P1 generation produces the
F____
generation.
1
DNA
A gene is a segment of ______.
DNA
PROTEIN
RNA
CARBOHYDRATE
L = Blue legs
l = yellow legs
An Rr organism would have ____________
legs if this
Blue
trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
green legs if
An Rr organism would have ____________
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
An Rr organism would have ______________
Blue & yellow legs if
this trait was CODOMINANT.
Crossing individuals from the
F1 generation produces the
F2 generation.
____
A person with this type of
blood could DONATE to
A or AB
Type __________blood
In a monohybrid cross of two
HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp),
you would expect the offspring to
be:
1 pp:3 PP
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp
3 Pp:1 pp
all Pp
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a
person with Type
AB blood.
This person could give blood to an
individual with type ________
blood.
AB
This blood type is called the universal
RECIPIENT
_________________.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a
person with Type O
blood.
No change. There are NO
A, B, or O proteins on the
surface of a type O cell.
This blood type is called the universal
_________________.
DONOR
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a
person with Type A
blood.
This person could give blood to an
individual with type __________
A or AB blood
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a
person with Type B
blood.
This person could give blood to an
individual with type __________
B or AB blood
Name another blood type you learned
about besides the A,B,O system.
Rh (positive and negative)
Tell the molecule found on the surface
of cells which helps cells recognize “self”
and provides blood types
glycoproteins
G
g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
The parents in this cross
Heterozygous
are _____________
Homozygous
Heterozygous
If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for
yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will
have green pods? _______%
75
B b
B
b
The genotype of the
offspring in the blue box
is _______
bb
The offspring in the blue box is
homozygous
heterozygous
homozygous
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over
brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross
between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig
and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like
B B
B b
B b
B b
B
b
b
B
b
b
b
B
This is the
Correct setup
Heterozygous = Bb
Pure brown = bb
homozygous
Another name for pure is _________________
A o
A
B
AA Ao
The alleles for blood
type show 2 kinds of
inheritance..
AB Bo
The following statements
are TRUE or FALSE?
F
F
T
T
F
T
A is dominant over B. A & B are codominant
O is dominant over A. O is recessive to both A & B
A is dominant over O.
B and A are co-dominant
A is incompletely dominant over O.
O is recessive to A and to B
An organism has the genotype Xy.
What are the possible sperm it can produce?
______
______
X
y
THINK ABOUT IT:
If females have an XX genotype and can
only give X genes, which parent is the one
that determines whether the baby is a boy or
girl? Father ;
The mother always gives an X
If the father gives a y, it’s a boy.
If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.
If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock
plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant,
ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers.
This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr)
shows a blending of traits is called __________.
A. Dominant/recessive inheritance
B. Co-dominance
C. Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance
R
r
r
Rr
Rr
r
rr
rr
What are the possible phenotypes of
their offspring?
(% and color)
Red throats (R) are
dominant over white (r)
throats in Goonie birds.
Make a cross between a
PURE RECESSIVE
and a
HETEROZYGOUS
Goonie bird.
50% red throats
50% white throats
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
What are the possible phenotypes of
their offspring?
(% and color)
Black eyes (B) are
dominant over red eyes
(b) in rats.
Make a cross between
two HETEROZYGOUS
rats.
75 % black eyes
25% red eyes
The parents in this cross
Homozygous
are _____________
Homozygous
Heterozygous
If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for
short wings, what percentage of these offspring will
have short wings? _______%
0%
only ww makes it short
Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following genotypes could
be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism?
TT
Rr
Ww
Rr
Ww
bb
XX
Ss
Ss
What kind of cross is this?
Pure dominant X pure recessive
Heterozygous X heterozygous
Heterozygous X homozygous
Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure
Heterozygous X Homozygous
hybrid
Another name for heterozygous is _______________
t
t
T
T
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
In Reebops curly tails
(T) are dominant over
straight tails (t).
Make a cross between a
HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT and a
HOMOZYGOUS
RECESSIVE Reebop.
What is the probability the offspring
0%
will have straight tails?
All will be Curly tailed (Tt)
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BbTt
BT
______
bt
______
bT
Bt
_______ _______
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BBTT
BT
______
BT
______
BT
BT
_______
_______
TtRr X TtRr
TR
Tr
tR
tr
TTRR
TTRr
TtRR
TtRr
Tr
TTRr
TTrr
TtRr
Ttrr
tR
TtRR
TtRr
ttRR
ttRr
tr
TtRr
Ttrr
ttRr
ttrr
TR
Tall = T
short = t
R= round
seeds
r=wrinkled
seeds
This is an example of a DIHYBRID cross.
Which pattern of phenotypes will be seen in
the offspring?
9:3:3:1
How many offspring will be
3/16
Short AND Round? ______
Recessive and dominant
1/16
Short AND wrinkled? ______
Recessive and recessive
HINT:
9- dominant for both
3- recessive and dominant
3- dominant and recessive
1- recessive and recessive
What do we call the offspring of the
F1 generation?
F2
Which of the following genotypes could
be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
organism?
TT
bb
bb
Rr
Ww
tt
tt
XX
aa
aa
A a
A
a
The genotype of the
offspring in the blue box
is _______
homozygous
heterozygous
heterozygous
How many of the offspring from this cross will show
the dominant characteristic?
¾ (75%) – AA and Aa
G g
G
g
G is dominant for green pods.
g is recessive for yellow pods.
GG Gg
gg
What is the genotype of the
offspring in the shaded box?
What is the phenotype of the
offspring in the shaded box?
Gg
Green pods
Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
T Genotype determines phenotype
T Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Genotype is the way the genes
F
make you look.
T Organisms with different genotypes
can have the same phenotype.
Tt and TT both look tall
What are the 3 different kinds of
inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called
F1
______
O
O
A
B
Ao
Bo
Ao
Bo
What are the probable blood
types of the offspring?
What are the possible
offspring of a cross
between a blood type
AB mom and a type O
dad?
50% Type A
50% Type B
Which of the following crosses would
you expect to see a 9:3:3:1 ratio in
the offspring?
SSYY X ssyy
SsYy X SsYy
ssYY X SSyy
SsYy X SsYy
9:3:3:1 ratio is seen in dihybrid crosses
P
p
p
P
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pp
What will the offspring be like?
(% and color)
Purple (P)is the
dominant color for
monsters. Yellow is
recessive (p).
Make a cross between a
HOMOZYGOUS
purple and a yellow
monster.
100% purple
What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to
make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp)
mom monster?
P
?
?
p
pp
Pp
Dad needs to have:
a little p to give one to the baby
a big P to be purple himself
A
o
o
Ao
Ao
A
Ao
Ao
Wilma and Fred are going to
have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood
types of their baby?
100% will have A type blood
A
o
o
Ao
Ao
A
Ao
Ao
Wilma and Fred are going to
have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood
types of their baby?
100% will have A type blood
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
RrTt
RT
______
rt
______
rT
Rt
_______ _______
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
WwGg
WG
______
wg
______
wG
Wg
_______
_______
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS
Dominant OR Recessive
In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the
offspring that are
Dominant
9/16 are _______________
for both traits.
Dominant for one trait and
3/16 are _____________
Recessive for the other.
_____________
Recessive for both traits.
1/16 are _____________
T = Tall
t = short
In this cross:
R = red
r = white
TtRr X TtRt
What is the probability the offspring will be:
3
Tall AND white? ____/16
3
Short AND red? ____/16
Tall AND red?
9
___/16
1
Short AND white? ___/16
T = Tall
t = short
In this cross:
Y = yellow peas
y = green peas
TtYy X TtYy
What is the probability the offspring will be:
1
short AND green? ____/16
3
Short AND yellow? ____/16
Tall AND green?
3
___/16
9
tall AND yellow? ___/16
Y = yellow peas
R = red flowers
y = green peas
r = white flowers
In this cross:
YYRR X yyRR
Be careful!
What is the probability the offspring will be:
0
Yellow peas AND white flowers? ____/16
0
Green peas AND red flowers? ____/16
Yellow peas AND red flowers?
16
___/16
Green peas AND white flowers? ___/16
0