Download Big Idea

Do Now: Make a Table
•
•
•
In your notes, make a two column table.
On the left write “Mitosis” on the right write
“Meiosis”
Write down two things specific to each.
Mitosis
Meiosis
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Lesson #2: Cell Cycle:
Transmission of Genetic
Information
LEQ: What processes allow genetic information to
differ?
Mitosis/Meiosis Color Worksheet
Crayons Needed:
Red
Purple
Blue
Green
Black
Orange
Unit 3:
Inheritance and
Evolution
Unit Essential Question:
What processes define the unique characteristics of
organisms?
Chunk #1:
Inheritance
Concepts:
1.) Mendel’s Theory
2.) Punnett Square
3.) Pedigree
Lesson #1: Mendel’s Theory
LEQ: What factors were explained in Mendel’s Theory
to support genetic variability of species?
Big Idea: Offspring are not a blend of the parents.
• Thanks to Meiosis!!
• Gregor Mendel: “The Father of Genetics”
▫ Used plants to develop his theory of inheritance
▫ Pollinated true – breed plants
▫ Discovered two main phenotypic (physical trait)
ratios:
 3:1 (Focusing on one trait)
 9:3:3:1 (Focusing on two traits)
Big Idea: Offspring are result of gene expression.
• Thanks to Meiosis!!
• Mendel’s Theory:
• 1. For each individual trait, an individual has two copies of
the gene – one from each parent.
Big Idea: Offspring are result of gene expression.
• Thanks to Meiosis!!
• Mendel’s Theory:
• 1. For each individual trait, an individual has two
copies of the gene – one from each parent.
• 2. There are alternative versions of genes.
▫ These are called: Alleles
Big Idea: Offspring are result of gene expression.
• Thanks to Meiosis!!
• Mendel’s Theory:
• 1. For each individual trait, an individual has two copies
of the gene – one from each parent.
• 2. There are alternative versions of genes.
▫ These are called: Alleles
• 3. When two different alleles occur together, one of them
may be completely expressed, while the other may have no
observable effect on the organism’s appearance.
▫ Dominant  The expressed trait
▫ Recessive  The non-expressed trait
Big Idea: Offspring are result of gene expression.
• Mendel’s Theory:
• Thanks to Meiosis!!
• 1. For each individual trait, an individual has two copies
of the gene – one from each parent.
• 2. There are alternative versions of genes.
▫ These are called: Alleles
• 3. When two different alleles occur together, one of them
may be completely expressed, while the other may have no
observable effect on the organism’s appearance.
▫ Dominant  The expressed trait
▫ Recessive  The non-expressed trait
• When gametes formed, the alleles for each gene separated
independently of each other.
▫ Law of Segregation  separation of chromosomes
▫ Law of Independent Assortment  Genes located on different
chromosomes
Genetics Lab: Identifying Dominant & Recessive Traits
Do Now: If You Could…
1.) List some examples of selective breeding in
domestic animals and crops.
2.) Then…
Write a short paragraph explaining how you think
breeders would go about selecting for a particular
trait.
Unit 3:
Inheritance and
Evolution
Unit Essential Question:
What processes define the unique characteristics of
organisms?
Chunk #1:
Inheritance
Concepts:
1.) Mendel’s Theory
2.) Punnett Square
3.) Pedigree
Lessons #2 & #3: Punnett
Squares & Pedigrees
LEQ: How can traits be
determined theoretically?
Big Idea: Most traits can be “mapped out”.
• Animal Breeders do this.
• Punnett Square:
▫ A boxed diagram predicting the
outcomes of favorable characteristics.
▫ Uses Capitalized and lowercase lettering
(genotypes)
 Capital = Dominant
 Lowercase = Recessive
Big Idea: Probability is calculated based on the number
of squares.
• Always out of 100 percent.
Dominant : Recessive
(homo(dominant):hetero:homo(recessive)
• Homo= Same Combination
• Hetero = Mixed Combination
Big Idea: Probability is calculated based on the number
of squares.
• Setting up the Monohybrid Cross…
1.
2.
Dad’s alleles are on top. Mom’s alleles
are on the left side.
Each letter goes over each square.
Let’s do one for Shape of Eyes:
A slanted eye is recessive to round eye.
Let, R represent the dominant allele for round.
Let, r represent the recessive allele for slant.
Father has slanted eyes.
Mother has been determined to be
heterozygous for round eyes.
What is the phenotypic ratio? 1:1
What is the probability that their children
will have round eyes? Slant eyes?
r
R
r
r
Rr
Rr
rr
rr
Big Idea: Probability is calculated based on the number
• Setting up the Dihybrid Cross…
of squares.
1.
2.
Dad’s alleles are on top. Mom’s alleles
are on the left side.
Each letter combination goes over each
Dc
square.
Let’s do one for Hair Type and Skin Color:
Straight hair is recessive to curly hair.
Light skin is recessive to dark skin.
Dc
Let, C represent the dominant allele and c
represent recessive. (hair)
Let, D represent the dominant allele and d
represent recessive. (skin)
Dc
Father heterozygous for curly hair with light skin.
Mother has straight hair and homozygous for
dark skin.
What is the phenotypic ratio? 1:1
What is the probability that their children
will have straight hair and Light Skin?
Dc
cd
cd
DdCc
Ddcc
Ddcc
DdCc
DdCc
Ddcc
Ddcc
DdCc
DdCc
Ddcc
Ddcc
DdCc
DdCc
Ddcc
Ddcc
dC
dC
DdCc
Punnett Square Worksheet Pckts.
Big Idea: Most traits can be “mapped out” with circles
and squares.
• A Geneticist goes beyond looking at a family tree
• Pedigree:
▫ A Diagram showing the family history of a
particular inherited trait.
 Usually disorders: Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle
Cell, Baldness, Albinism, etc.
▫ Circles = Females
▫ Squares = Men
▫ Shaded Shape = Male/Female with the noted trait.
Big Idea: Follow the lines and look at the shapes.
• Punnett squares can help to solve the genetic mystery of
pedigrees.
• Dominant or Recessive:
• Autosomal Dominant trait will show up
equally in both males & females based
of a parent with that trait.
• Autosomal Recessive trait will not show
in the parent but be present in the child.
• Sex – linked trait typically recessive and
links between sons and mothers.
• Heterozygous or Homozygous:
• Heterozygous individuals will show the
autosomal dominant trait.
• Homozygous recessive individuals will
show the recessive trait.
Big Idea: Follow the lines and look at the shapes.
• Punnett squares can help to solve the genetic mystery of
pedigrees.
Autosomal recessive
Sex – Linked
(recessive)
Pedigree Book Activity pg., 176
(Evaluating the Pedigree: #s 1 & 2)
Punnett Square Worksheet Pckts.
Big Idea: Most traits can be “mapped out” with circles
and squares.
• A Geneticist goes beyond looking at a family tree
• Pedigree:
▫ A Diagram showing the family history of a
particular inherited trait.
 Usually disorders: Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle
Cell, Baldness, Albinism, etc.
▫ Circles = Females
▫ Squares = Men
▫ Shaded Shape = Male/Female with the noted trait.
Big Idea: Follow the lines and look at the shapes.
• Punnett squares can help to solve the genetic mystery of
pedigrees.
• Dominant or Recessive:
• Autosomal Dominant trait will show up
equally in both males & females based
of a parent with that trait.
• Autosomal Recessive trait will not show
in the parent but be present in the child.
• Sex – linked trait typically recessive and
links between sons and mothers.
• Heterozygous or Homozygous:
• Heterozygous individuals will show the
autosomal dominant trait.
• Homozygous recessive individuals will
show the recessive trait.
Big Idea: Follow the lines and look at the shapes.
• Punnett squares can help to solve the genetic mystery of
pedigrees.
Autosomal recessive
Sex – Linked
(recessive)
Unit 3:
Inheritance and
Evolution
Unit Essential Question:
What processes define the unique characteristics of
organisms?
Chunk #2:
Evolution
Concepts:
1.) Darwin’s Theory
2.) Origin of Species
3.) Natural Selection
4.) Populations
Lessons #1 & #2: Darwin &
Origin of Species
LEQ: How and why do organisms evolve?
Big Idea: Due to mutations (changes in DNA) there is
variety in species.
• Look at yourself and others around you!!
• Charles Darwin: “The Father of Evolution”
▫ Collected specimens that looked similar, bred
them and concluded that organisms “evolve” to
better “survive” their environment.
• Evolve:
▫ Those with more favorable traits reproduce.
• Survive:
▫ Reproduction continues for that species.
Big Idea: All species derived from a common ancestor
and overtime groups of similar species gave rise to
diverse populations.
• There exist a pattern of inheritance.
• Fossils:
▫ Remnants of deceased organisms
usually imprinted in rocks.
 Species in older look different from
newer rocks
 Pangaea (Continental Drift) and
radioactive dating
Big Idea: All species derived from a common ancestor
and overtime groups of similar species gave rise to
diverse populations.
• There exist a pattern of inheritance.
• Homologous Structures:
▫ Structures that have similar
compositions but functions may
differ.
Big Idea: All species derived from a common ancestor
and overtime groups of similar species gave rise to
diverse populations.
• There exist a pattern of inheritance.
• Embryonic Development:
▫ All sexual organisms, after
fertilization, undergo similar
morphogenesis.
Big Idea: All species derived from a common ancestor
and overtime groups of similar species gave rise to
diverse populations.
• There exist a pattern of inheritance.
• Biological Molecules:
▫ Organisms more closely related have
fewer amino acid sequence
differences.
▫ Molecular Clocks
“What Darwin Never Knew”
Analyzing & Creating Cladograms