Download Substance Use and Abuse - Mr. Potter`s Wikispace

Substance Use and
Abuse
Chapter 13
Sport Books Publisher
1
Outline
Drugs versus dietary supplements
 Drugs and exercise

– Everyday drugs
– Illegal drugs

Ergogenic aids and exercise
– Allowed ergogenic aids
– Banned ergogenic aids
Sport Books Publisher
2
Drugs Versus Dietary
Supplements
Sport Books Publisher
3
Drugs

Defined:
1. Substances used as medications or in the
preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act}
2. Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or
a marked change in consciousness


Addiction: compulsive physiological need
Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects
Sport Books Publisher
4
Dietary Supplements

Ingredients found in food

Processed to provide one
or more micro and
macronutrients
Sport Books Publisher
5
Drugs and Exercise
Sport Books Publisher
6
Every Day Drugs
Sport Books Publisher
7
CAFFEINE
•Addiction
NICOTINE
ALCOHOL
•Habituation
•Changes in
consciousness
Sport Books Publisher
8
Caffeine

Found in:
–
–
–
–
–
Coffee beans
Tea leaves
Cocoa beans
Cola nuts
Energy drinks

400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not
associated with adverse effects

12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee)
Sport Books Publisher
9
Caffeine
CNS stimulant
Increases
alertness
Increases
fat burning
Sport Books Publisher
Non-user
side effects
•Insomnia
•Headaches
•Irritability
•Nervousness
•Elevated HR
•High BP 10
Alcohol
Depressant
 No ergogenic effect

12 ounces
=
5 ounces
Sport Books Publisher
=
1 ounce
11
Alcohol
Psychological
Effects
Anti-tremor
Effects
•Reduced tension
•Reduced anxiety
•Enhanced
self-confidence
•Promotion of
aggression
Sport Books Publisher
Negative
Side Effects
•Motor
coordination
•Hand and eye
coordination
•Reaction time
•Information
processing
•Decision
making 12
Nicotine
Stimulant
 No ergogenic effects
 Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL
levels of body functioning

Sport Books Publisher
13
Nicotine
Decreases
oxygen
carrying
capacity
Restricts oxygen
supply
Increases
oxygen demand
Alters
blood and
airflow
Increases HR &
Sport Books Publisher
BP
Decreases
temperature
14
Nicotine:
IRRITANT AND
CARCINOGENIC
HEALTHY LUNG Sport Books Publisher
SMOKER’S LUNG
15
Illegal Drugs
Sport Books Publisher
16
ILLEGAL
DRUGS
Stimulants
+
Cocaine,
crack,
ecstasy,
etc.
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Anabolic
Steroids
Opiates
Cannabis
_
Barbiturates,
anavar,
dianabol, etc.
LSD, PCP,
mushrooms
etc.
Sport Books Publisher
Heroin,
morphine,
codeine etc.
17
Cannabis

Types:
– Marijuana
– Hashish
– Hash oil
– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Sport Books Publisher
18
Cannabis
Psychological
Effects
•Feelings of
calm and relaxation
•Talkativeness
Cognitive
Effects
Physical
Effects
•Impairs
Concentration
•Impairs coordination
and balance
•Impairs short-term
Memory
•Increases appetite
•More vibrant
sensory perception
•Alters sense of
time
and space
Sport Books Publisher
•Rapid HR
•Red eyes
•Dry mouth
and throat
19
Ergogenic Aids and Exercise
Sport Books Publisher
20
Ergogenic Aids
Substances that enhance work output,
particularly as it relates to athletic
performance
Include drugs and dietary supplements
Sport Books Publisher
21
CNS stimulation
Basic
Ergogenic
Mechanisms
Increase substrate
storage
Supplemental
energy source
Facilitation of
recovery
Sport Books Publisher
22
Allowed Ergogenic Aids
Sport Books Publisher
23
Vitamins and Minerals

Reasons for supplementation:
–
Athletes’ beliefs:
1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake
2. “supercharging” elevates performance and training
–
Scientific evidence:
1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those
athletes who are deficient
2. Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced
diet
3. “supercharging” maybe harmful to health
Sport Books Publisher
24
Energy Drinks

Caffeine
– The Worlds drug of
preference!

Sugar
 Taurine (Amino Acid)
 Herbs
Sport Books Publisher
25
Carbohydrate Loading

“Super”- loading of muscle glycogen
stores
ENDURANCE
PERFORMANCE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
Sport Books Publisher
26
Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s
Done

Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days)
– Training = heavy
– Diet = mixed

Starving glycogen stores (2-5days)
– Training = reduced
– Diet = fat and protein

Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days)
– Training = light/taper
– Diet = high carbohydrate content

Race/performance (day 8)
– Super-increased glycogen
stores
Sport Books
Publisher
27
Carbohydrate Loading: Side
Effects
Gastrointestinal discomfort
 Sluggishness
 Increased body weight

Experiment first before using for
performance enhancement !
Sport Books Publisher
28
Creatine

Natural compound created from three amino acids

Sources:
– Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish
– Endogenous: liver and kidneys

Used by muscles during explosive, powerful
movements

Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder,
tablet, capsule and liquid)

Not banned by anySport
sports
governing body
Books Publisher
29
Creatine
A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs
naturally in vertebrates and helps to
supply energy to all cells
 Pulls water into your muscle cells, which
increases protein synthesis.
 Increases the body's ability to produce
energy rapidly.
 With more energy, you can train harder
and more often

Sport Books Publisher
30
Creatine
Creatine works…
 most effective in high-intensity
training and explosive activities
 Studies indicate it's safe
 No concrete evidence of kidney damage
or heart damage
 Recommended by most trainers

Sport Books Publisher
31
Creatine
Little support to indicate that creatine
improves endurance performance and
aerobic-type exercise
 Only works if you work out
 Few studies done on <19 age
 Different effects on every individual
 Some people just don't respond to it
 Risk of overexertion, muscle damage
 Possible nausea, diarrhea, stomach
Sport Books Publisher
pain

32
Creatine: Ergogenic Actions

Increases lean body
mass (2wks)

Improves highintensity
performance

•Better performance
in strength and
power activities
•Greater overload
Speeds up recovery
rates
Sport Books Publisher
•Increased
muscular endurance
33
Banned Ergogenic Aids
Sport Books Publisher
34
Steroids
Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of
testosterone
 Injected or orally
 Taken in cycles vs. continually
 Stacking:

– Combining multiple types
– Maximizes effectiveness
– Minimizes negative effects
Sport Books Publisher
35
Steroids: Ergogenic Actions

Increase lean body mass

Increase strength

Increase the ability to train longer and
harder
Sport Books Publisher
36
Steroids: Negative Effects
FEMALES



Growth of facial hair
Deepened voice
Menstrual cycle
disturbances
BOTH




MALES


Baldness
Development of breasts
Shrinking of testicles
Reduced sperm counts

Infertility






Paranoid jealousy
Extreme irritability
Delusions
Feelings of invincibility
Liver tumors
Jaundice
Fluid retention
High blood pressure
Sport Books Publisher
37
Ephedra
Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang
 Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting,
and bodybuilding products
 Banned by most sports bodies

Sport Books Publisher
38
Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions
+
+
Sport Books Publisher
39
Ephedra: Negative Effects

Elevated BP
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Heart palpitations
 Heart attacks

Psychosis
 Seizures
DEATH
Sport Books Publisher
40
Blood Doping
 RBC
 oxygen delivery
Sport Books Publisher
 Performance
41
Blood Doping: How is it done?
Removing and
storing body’s
RBC
OR
Administering
EPO
Stimulation of
bone marrow
Re-establishment
of normal RBC
count
Sport Books Publisher
42
Blood Doping: Negative Effects

Increase blood viscosity

Increases loads on heart

Heart damage

Death
Sport Books Publisher
43
Blood Doping: Issue

Provides truly unfair performance
advantage

Has serious health risks

Almost impossible to detect
Sport Books Publisher
44
Other drugs and dietary
supplements used by athletes

Table 13.2 in the text
Sport Books Publisher
45