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Substance Use and Abuse Chapter 13 Sport Books Publisher 1 Outline Drugs versus dietary supplements Drugs and exercise – Everyday drugs – Illegal drugs Ergogenic aids and exercise – Allowed ergogenic aids – Banned ergogenic aids Sport Books Publisher 2 Drugs Versus Dietary Supplements Sport Books Publisher 3 Drugs Defined: 1. Substances used as medications or in the preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act} 2. Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness Addiction: compulsive physiological need Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects Sport Books Publisher 4 Dietary Supplements Ingredients found in food Processed to provide one or more micro and macronutrients Sport Books Publisher 5 Drugs and Exercise Sport Books Publisher 6 Every Day Drugs Sport Books Publisher 7 CAFFEINE •Addiction NICOTINE ALCOHOL •Habituation •Changes in consciousness Sport Books Publisher 8 Caffeine Found in: – – – – – Coffee beans Tea leaves Cocoa beans Cola nuts Energy drinks 400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not associated with adverse effects 12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee) Sport Books Publisher 9 Caffeine CNS stimulant Increases alertness Increases fat burning Sport Books Publisher Non-user side effects •Insomnia •Headaches •Irritability •Nervousness •Elevated HR •High BP 10 Alcohol Depressant No ergogenic effect 12 ounces = 5 ounces Sport Books Publisher = 1 ounce 11 Alcohol Psychological Effects Anti-tremor Effects •Reduced tension •Reduced anxiety •Enhanced self-confidence •Promotion of aggression Sport Books Publisher Negative Side Effects •Motor coordination •Hand and eye coordination •Reaction time •Information processing •Decision making 12 Nicotine Stimulant No ergogenic effects Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL levels of body functioning Sport Books Publisher 13 Nicotine Decreases oxygen carrying capacity Restricts oxygen supply Increases oxygen demand Alters blood and airflow Increases HR & Sport Books Publisher BP Decreases temperature 14 Nicotine: IRRITANT AND CARCINOGENIC HEALTHY LUNG Sport Books Publisher SMOKER’S LUNG 15 Illegal Drugs Sport Books Publisher 16 ILLEGAL DRUGS Stimulants + Cocaine, crack, ecstasy, etc. Depressants Hallucinogens Anabolic Steroids Opiates Cannabis _ Barbiturates, anavar, dianabol, etc. LSD, PCP, mushrooms etc. Sport Books Publisher Heroin, morphine, codeine etc. 17 Cannabis Types: – Marijuana – Hashish – Hash oil – Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Sport Books Publisher 18 Cannabis Psychological Effects •Feelings of calm and relaxation •Talkativeness Cognitive Effects Physical Effects •Impairs Concentration •Impairs coordination and balance •Impairs short-term Memory •Increases appetite •More vibrant sensory perception •Alters sense of time and space Sport Books Publisher •Rapid HR •Red eyes •Dry mouth and throat 19 Ergogenic Aids and Exercise Sport Books Publisher 20 Ergogenic Aids Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic performance Include drugs and dietary supplements Sport Books Publisher 21 CNS stimulation Basic Ergogenic Mechanisms Increase substrate storage Supplemental energy source Facilitation of recovery Sport Books Publisher 22 Allowed Ergogenic Aids Sport Books Publisher 23 Vitamins and Minerals Reasons for supplementation: – Athletes’ beliefs: 1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake 2. “supercharging” elevates performance and training – Scientific evidence: 1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those athletes who are deficient 2. Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced diet 3. “supercharging” maybe harmful to health Sport Books Publisher 24 Energy Drinks Caffeine – The Worlds drug of preference! Sugar Taurine (Amino Acid) Herbs Sport Books Publisher 25 Carbohydrate Loading “Super”- loading of muscle glycogen stores ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE GLYCOGEN STORES Sport Books Publisher 26 Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s Done Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days) – Training = heavy – Diet = mixed Starving glycogen stores (2-5days) – Training = reduced – Diet = fat and protein Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days) – Training = light/taper – Diet = high carbohydrate content Race/performance (day 8) – Super-increased glycogen stores Sport Books Publisher 27 Carbohydrate Loading: Side Effects Gastrointestinal discomfort Sluggishness Increased body weight Experiment first before using for performance enhancement ! Sport Books Publisher 28 Creatine Natural compound created from three amino acids Sources: – Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish – Endogenous: liver and kidneys Used by muscles during explosive, powerful movements Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder, tablet, capsule and liquid) Not banned by anySport sports governing body Books Publisher 29 Creatine A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells Pulls water into your muscle cells, which increases protein synthesis. Increases the body's ability to produce energy rapidly. With more energy, you can train harder and more often Sport Books Publisher 30 Creatine Creatine works… most effective in high-intensity training and explosive activities Studies indicate it's safe No concrete evidence of kidney damage or heart damage Recommended by most trainers Sport Books Publisher 31 Creatine Little support to indicate that creatine improves endurance performance and aerobic-type exercise Only works if you work out Few studies done on <19 age Different effects on every individual Some people just don't respond to it Risk of overexertion, muscle damage Possible nausea, diarrhea, stomach Sport Books Publisher pain 32 Creatine: Ergogenic Actions Increases lean body mass (2wks) Improves highintensity performance •Better performance in strength and power activities •Greater overload Speeds up recovery rates Sport Books Publisher •Increased muscular endurance 33 Banned Ergogenic Aids Sport Books Publisher 34 Steroids Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of testosterone Injected or orally Taken in cycles vs. continually Stacking: – Combining multiple types – Maximizes effectiveness – Minimizes negative effects Sport Books Publisher 35 Steroids: Ergogenic Actions Increase lean body mass Increase strength Increase the ability to train longer and harder Sport Books Publisher 36 Steroids: Negative Effects FEMALES Growth of facial hair Deepened voice Menstrual cycle disturbances BOTH MALES Baldness Development of breasts Shrinking of testicles Reduced sperm counts Infertility Paranoid jealousy Extreme irritability Delusions Feelings of invincibility Liver tumors Jaundice Fluid retention High blood pressure Sport Books Publisher 37 Ephedra Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting, and bodybuilding products Banned by most sports bodies Sport Books Publisher 38 Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions + + Sport Books Publisher 39 Ephedra: Negative Effects Elevated BP Cardiac arrhythmias Heart palpitations Heart attacks Psychosis Seizures DEATH Sport Books Publisher 40 Blood Doping RBC oxygen delivery Sport Books Publisher Performance 41 Blood Doping: How is it done? Removing and storing body’s RBC OR Administering EPO Stimulation of bone marrow Re-establishment of normal RBC count Sport Books Publisher 42 Blood Doping: Negative Effects Increase blood viscosity Increases loads on heart Heart damage Death Sport Books Publisher 43 Blood Doping: Issue Provides truly unfair performance advantage Has serious health risks Almost impossible to detect Sport Books Publisher 44 Other drugs and dietary supplements used by athletes Table 13.2 in the text Sport Books Publisher 45