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Organic Chemistry Chemistry of Carbon Molecules Carbon • 4 electrons in outer energy level. • Needs to form four covalent bonds to become stable. • Can form single, double, or triple bonds. – A double bond is a bond in which each atom shares two electrons. • Can bond with other carbon atoms to form straight chains, branched chains or rings of various sizes. Isomer • Compounds with the same chemical formula but a different 3-D structure. – Example: glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6) Polymers • Large biomolecules formed from many smaller molecules bonded together. – Example: Proteins Carbohydrates • Biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. • Used by cells to provide energy. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide – Simplest carbohydrate. – Simple sugar. – Examples: glucose and fructose • Disaccharide – Formed from two monosaccharides – Example: Sucrose (table sugar) (formed from glucose and fructose) • Polysaccharides – Largest carbohydrates – Examples: Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose Lipids • Large biomolecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. • Used for energy storage, insulation, and protective covering. • Insoluble in water because they are nonpolar molecules. • Examples: – Fats, oils, waxes, steroids. Lipids • Formed from fatty acids. – Long chain of carbon and hydrogen. • Saturated fatty acid: – Each carbon in the chain is bonded to the other carbon atoms by a single bond. • Unsaturated fatty acid: – A double or a triple bond is present in the chain. Proteins • Large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. • Provide structure for tissues, contract muscle tissues, transport oxygen in the bloodstream, regulate reactions, and carry out cell metabolism. • Enzyme: – Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. Proteins • Proteins are common in a large variety of sizes and 3-D shapes. • The shape depends on the properties of the individual amino acids (ex. pH). • Formed from amino acids. – 20 common amino acids. – Covalent bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond. Nucleic Acids • Complex molecules that store information in the form of a code. • Made of smaller units called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are formed from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms arranged in three groups: a nitrogeneous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group • Examples: – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)