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Nazia Sadat
RD, LDN, MS, MPH
Unit 5 Seminar
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Today we will be talking about:
 Chapter 5
▪ Vitamins
▪ Dietary Guidelines
 Assignments for the week
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Vitamins
 Essential organic substances needed
daily to perform a specific function in
the body
 CANNOT be manufactured by the
human body
▪ MUST be obtained through the diet
 The amount needed is very small
 Essential for growth and development
▪ Deficiency can cause specific disorders
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Digestive process
 Interact together to enhance absorption
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Coenzymes
 To speed up body reactions
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Release energy
 From biological reactions
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Water Soluble
 Vitamin C
 Vitamin B complex
▪ B1, B2, B6, B12
 Folic Acid
 Biotin
 Pantothenic Acid
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Fat soluble
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Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Function
•Essential in formation of collagen, a protein that binds cells together.
•Needed to heal wounds build new tissue, and provide strength to supporting
tissue.
•Absorbs iron, which promotes prothrombin formation.
•Helps maintain elasticity of blood vessels and capillaries.
•Acts as an antioxidant, protecting the cells from oxidation.
•Has a sparing effect on several vitamins, especially A, B, and E.
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 90mg/day
•Female: 75mg/day
Sources
Broccoli, kale, cabbage, strawberries, papaya, oranges (and juice), lemons,
tangerines, cantaloupe, watermelon – only animal source is liver
Deficiency
Scurvy
•appetite loss, poor weight gain, rapid breathing, irritability, tenderness and
discomfort in legs, swelling over long bones, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and
feelings of paralysis
Points
•Vitamin C deficiency is rare in developed countries
•Can occur in any cases of serious neglect such as psychiatric problems, substance
abuse, advanced age, and lack of knowledge about nutrition.
Function
•Releases energy from fat and carbohydrate.
•Helps transmits nerve impulses.
•Breaks down alcohol.
•Promotes better appetite and functioning of the digestive tract
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 1.2mg/day
•Female: 1.1mg/day
Sources
sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat germ, peanuts, animal sources:
liver, kidney, pork
Deficiency
Beri Beri (dry/wet)
•Symptoms of dry beriberi include: Difficulty walking, Loss of muscle function or
paralysis of the lower legs, Mental confusion/speech difficulties, Tingling
•Symptoms of wet beriberi include: Awakening at night short of breath, Increased
heart rate, Shortness of breath with activity, Swelling of the lower legs
Points
•If there is a deficiency in one of the B vitamins, there will be deficiencies in the
others.
•The B vitamins function together, excess of one creates greater need for the
others.
Function
•Releases energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein.
•Essential for healthy skin and growth.
•Promotes visual health.
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 1.3mg/day
•Female: 1.1mg/day
Sources
Milk, cheese, wheat germ, yeast, liver and kidney
Deficiency
lesions around the mouth and nose, hair loss, scaly skin, failure to thrive
(children), light sensitivity, clouding of the cornea of the eye, weight loss,
Glossitis
Points
•If a deficiency occurs, multiple B vitamins are given because of their
interrelationships.
•Before riboflavin is absorbed it must be phosphorylated (combined with
phosphorus). Both are found in milk and cheeses.
Function
•Forms reactions that break down and rebuild amino acids.
•Produces antibodies and red blood cells.
•Aids functioning of the nervous system and regeneration of nerve tissue.
•Changes one fatty acid into another.
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 1.3mg/day
•Female: 1.3mg/day
Sources
Yeast, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, wheat bran, avocado, banana
Animal source: liver
Deficiency Anemia, lesions, vomiting, decrease antibody production
Points
•Involved in conversions and catabolism of all the amino acids.
•B6 deficiencies occur almost entirely in wealthy, developed countries.
Function
•Aids proper formation of red blood cells.
•Part of the RNA-DNA nucleic acids; is therefore essential for normal function
of all body cells.
•Bone marrow formation.
•Used in folacin metabolism.
•Prevention of anemia
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 2.4 ug/day
•Female: 2.4 ug/day
Sources
Animal products are the main food sources:
clams/oysters, organ meats, eggs, shrimp, chicken, pork, hot dogs
Deficiency
Glossitis, anorexia, weakness, weight loss, mental and nervous symptoms
Points
•Deficiency common on strict vegetarians
•B12 is made only by microorganisms in the intestines.
•Only 30%–70% of what is consumed is absorbed
•B12 must bind to the intrinsic factor, which is a protein secreted by the stomach
lining.
Function
•Synthesizes the nucleic acids (RNADNA).
•Essential for breakdown of most of the amino acids.
•Necessary for proper formation of red blood cells.
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 400 ug/day
•Female: 400 ug/day
Sources
liver/kidney, yeast, oranges, green leafy vegetables, asparagus, broccoli,
wheat germ
Deficiency •Macrocytic Anemia:
Red blood cells are large and too few and have less Hgb than normal
•Megoblastic Anemia:
Young red blood cells fail to mature, reduction in white blood cells; also
histidine, an amino acid, not utilized
Points
•Folic acid deficiency is common in the third trimester of pregnancy; the
requirement is six times the normal amount.
Function
•Enables eye to adjust to changes in light
•Helps maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes as well as the cornea of the
eye.
•Develops healthy teeth and bones.
•Aids reproductive processes.
•Synthesizes glycogen in the liver.
•Regulates fat metabolism in formation of cholesterol.
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 900 ug/day
•Female: 700 ug/day
Sources
Liver, eggs, carrots, cantaloupe, sweet potato, winter squash, pumpkin, apricots,
broccoli, green pepper, dark green leafy, vegetables
Deficiency
•Night blindness
•Keratinization
•Xerophthalmia
Points
•Very low-fat diets decrease absorption.
•Vitamin A must be bound to protein for transport
•Xerophathalmia is very common – 1,000,000 children go blind in developed
Function
The only demonstrated function is as an antioxidant
-protects vitamin A and unsaturated fats from destruction
-protects RBC/WBC from destruction by preventing oxidation of cell
membranes
RDA
Adults 19-30
•Male: 15 mg/day
•Female: 15 mg/day
Sources
vegetable oils, margarines, shortenings, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, nuts
whole grains.
Deficiency None observed
-Except in premature infants
Points
•Does not travel well across placenta of pregnant women
•Is usually given with vitamin A when there is a vitamin A deficiency
•The role of vitamin E as an antioxidant is being linked to retardation of the
aging process
Which do you think is better?
Synthetic Vitamins?
Natural Occurring Vitamins?
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Fat soluble
 Stored in the body
▪ Mostly in the body fat and organs – liver
 Storage can delay deficiency for a few months
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Water soluble
 CANNOT store
▪ Excreted in the urine
 Deficiency occurs in a few weeks
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Solubility of vitamins is related to retention:~
 Water Soluble
▪ Use small amounts of cooking water
▪ Use the water in gravies and sauces
▪ Use shortest cooking time
 Fat Soluble
▪ Maybe destroyed by
▪
▪
▪
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Heat
Sun drying
Dehydration
Oxidation – when foods go rancid
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Women during pregnancy and lactation
Infants
Anyone on a diet containing <1000 calories per day
Users of oral contraceptives
Alcoholics
Smokers
Strict vegetarians
Many senior citizens
Persons with certain illnesses
Recovering from surgery
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Treat clients’ vitamin deficiency diseases by supplying the
missing vitamins
 Proffered is through the diet
 If intake is not sufficient then use supplements
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Be aware that some patients may not be able to take food or
medication by mouth
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Be aware that most outright deficiency diseases occur
among alcoholics, drug abusers, psychiatric patients, the
aged, low-income groups, or people on extreme diets.
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Be aware that very low-fat diets lead to decreased intake
and absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins.
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Balance calories to manage weight
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Foods and Food Components to reduce
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Foods and nutrients to increase
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Building healthy eating patterns
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Some changes:
 Enjoy your food, but eat less.
 Avoid oversized portions.
 Make half your plate fruits and
vegetables.
 Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk.
 Compare sodium in foods like soup,
bread, and frozen meals – and choose the
foods with lower numbers.
 Drink water instead of sugary drinks.
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DB initial post in by Saturday night,
before 11:59pm EST
2 response posts before Tuesday 11:59pm
EST
Project:
 Activity 1 (page 64-67)
▪ Questions 1-18
 Activity 2 (page 73-75)
▪ Questions 1-14