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Endocrine system: hormones that regulate the body Hormones and glands • Hormones are chemicals that regulate: growth, development, behavior, and much more. – Different hormones target different cells • Hormones are produced and excreted from glands common hormones • Amino acid–based: usually water soluble – “first messenger” bind with protein receptors on outside of cell to trigger a chain reaction of events inside the cell • Steroid: Usually fat soluble – Crosses cell membrane and binds with a protein receptor inside the cytoplasm then activates DNA to produce new proteins. Other hormones • Neuropeptides: released by neurons and impact emotions • Prostagalandins: released when injured can change blood pressure or cause fever. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland • Many hormones are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland • Coordination between the endocrine and nervous system occur here • Produce a range of hormones that control kidney function, blood sugar, growth, and reproductive organs Some major glands • Thyroid: maintain heart rate, blood pressure, temperature • Adrenal glands: stress regulation hormones & water and salt retention • Thymus gland: part of immune system Feedback Loops • The body must self moderate. • Two types of feedback loops: – Negative – Positive • Negative feedback counteracts condition • Positive feedback amplifies condition • Negative more common. Negative Feedback • Prevents body from moving away from a set point significantly. • Allows body to self-correct. • Ex: controlling tempurature Negative Feedback Loop Positive Feedback • Accentuates disturbance. • Examples: – Blood clotting – Nursing a baby causes production of milk • Closely regulated by negative feedback loops. Positive Feedback Loop