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Evolutionary Evidence Part 4: Molecular Homology: Biochemistry and DNA sequencing Objectives: • • • • • • I can define biochemistry. I can define a genome map. I can describe the purpose of a genome map. I can define an evolutionary tree. I can describe the purpose of an evolutionary tree. I can analyze a genome map, evolutionary tree and a number of DNA sequences to evaluate the likelihood of common ancestry. What are the different types of evidence used to support the evolutionary theory? There are several places we can see indirect evidence of evolution/evolutionary relationships: fossils, biogeography similarities in anatomy, biochemistry/DNA, and embryology. What is biochemistry? Biochemistry - a field of both biology and chemistry focused on the chemical structures and processes that occur within organisms How does DNA, proteins, and amino acids demonstrate common ancestry? Scientists believe that the fact that ALL LIVING THINGS have A,T,C, and G in their DNA and all use the same coding for proteins means we are all related in some way. How does DNA, proteins, and amino acids demonstrate common ancestry? • The metabolism of different organisms is based on the same complex molecules: DNA, RNA, ATP, and many enzymes. • These molecules are similar because the organisms have a common ancestor. • The more closely related two organisms are, the more similar their molecules will be. – True for DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences – Now used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms What is a genome map? • Genome map - a record of the entire genome of an organism, consisting of correctly ordered gene maps. What is an evolutionary tree? • Evolutionary tree - a diagram that depicts the phylogeny between organisms • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. How are evolutionary trees read? • An ancestral character is found in a variety of groups within the line of descent. • A derived character is present in one group within the line of descent, but it is not found in the common ancestor. How are evolutionary trees read? • Two groups on diverging branches probably share a more recent ancestor than those groups farther away. • The common ancestor at the nodes (place where branching occurs) is rarely a known organism, species, or fossil. How are evolutionary trees read? • Divergent evolution occurs when populations become less alike and form new species. • This is easy to determine on an evolutionary tree by comparing the number of branches.