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Chapter 14
Nutrients That Promote Growth
& Regulate Body Functions
(Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water)
©2015 Cengage Learning.
Growth
• Growth is the result of:
– An increase in the number of cells
– An increase in the size of cells
At Risk Nutrients
Vitamins: A & C
Minerals: Calcium & Iron
Foods that supply these nutrients are not
children's favorites.
Red meat is hard to chew
Broccoli, cabbage, beets
Sour tasting fruits
Proteins
• Yield amino acids
• 20 amino acids
• 9 are essential
• 20 are non essential
• Are either complete or incomplete
– Complete proteins yield all the essential amino
acids.
– Incomplete proteins are lacking
one or more essential amino acids.
Proteins
• Incomplete proteins can be combined to
provide all of the essential amino acids:
– Supplementary proteins = incomplete
protein plus a small amount of complete
protein
– Complementary proteins = two or more
incomplete proteins, when combined, form a
complete protein
Proteins as Regulators
• Proteins are involved in a
variety of regulatory
processes:
– Energy metabolism
– Fluid distribution
– Hormone production
How Much Protein Is Needed?
Infants:
0 to 6 mo.
7 to 12 mo.
Protein Needed
9.1 g/day
11.0 g/day
Children:
1 to 3 yr.
4 to 8 yr.
13.0 g/day
19.0 g/day
Males: over 18 yr.
Females: over 18 yr.
56.0 g/day
46.0 g/day
Working Proteins
Structural Proteins
Body's enzymes
Tendons
Antibodies
Ligaments
Transport vehicle
Hormones
Scars
Muscle fiber
Cores of bones & teeth
Cellular pumps
Oxygen carriers
Filaments of hair
Vegetarian Diets
•
•
•
•
•
Eating foods that do not contain animal
flesh.
Lacto-ovo veg= includes milk, dairy
products, eggs
Lacto- veg= includes milk, dairy products
but no eggs
Ovo veg= only eggs no dairy
Vegan= no animal products
Vitamins
• Vitamins are needed in small amounts
(Table 14-3).
• Large doses of some vitamins can be toxic.
• Vitamins are classified as:
– Water soluble
– Fat soluble
Vitamins
• Water soluble vitamins:
– are not stored in the body and must be consumed
daily
– include Vitamin C, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin
B6 and B12, pantothenic acid, folacin, and biotin.
• Fat soluble vitamins:
– are stored in the body and can be toxic if consumed in
large supplement doses
– include vitamins A, D, E, and K
Vitamins
• Vitamins support growth
– DNA and RNA production
– Cell division
– Bone and blood formation
• Vitamins are involved in regulating body
functions
– Bone development
– Energy metabolism
– Neuromuscular function
Should Children Take Vitamin
Supplements?
• Families should always check first with the
child’s physician.
• Vitamin supplements provide small amounts of
many vitamins, but not always in the amounts
required.
• For example, only 10 percent of a child’s calcium
requirement may be met with a vitamin
supplement. This may give parents false
assurance that children’s intake is adequate.
Should Children Take Vitamin
Supplements?
• Vitamin supplements may be helpful for some
children who are picky eaters.
• Essential nutrients, such as protein and fiber,
accompany the vitamins found in food sources
but are absent in supplements.
Minerals
• Provide no energy
• Are inorganic substances that are
only needed in small amounts
• Are essential for:
– building of body tissues (e.g., bone, teeth, blood)
– regulating body functions (e.g., energy metabolism,
neuromuscular function)
Bone and Tooth Formation
• What minerals are required for healthy
bone and tooth formation?
– Calcium
– Phosphorus
– Fluoride
• What food sources supply each of these
minerals?
Calcium
• Most children today do not get enough
calcium in their diet.
– What factors may be contributing
to this change?
– What sources other than milk
supply calcium?
Calcium
• Factors that increase the absorption of dietary
calcium:
 adequate vitamin C and D
 increased need
• Factors that decrease the absorption of dietary
calcium:
▼ large
dose
high dietary fiber
▼ high intake of protein
▼
Iron
• Iron plays a critical role in the formation of
blood cells.
• Inadequate iron can contribute to irondeficiency anemia.
• Dietary iron is not well-absorbed by the
body. Iron absorption is improved when
vitamin C is present in a meal.
Water
• Water plays important roles in the body:
– Fluid replacement
– Temperature regulation
– Building body tissues
• A child’s need for water is
influenced by:
– Environmental temperature
– Body surface
– Activity