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MINERAL Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan: Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Formulasi pakan berdasarkan kandungan analisa proximat, Ca, P , ME, Asam amino essential dan juga Digestible asam amino Sumber bahan baku harus bebas B3 serta kandungan antibiotik, melamin, dan kandungan bahan lainnya yang beracun dan berbahaya BAHAN BAKU PAKAN • Sumber Protein • Sumber Lemak • Sumber Karbohidrat • Vitamin dan mineral mix • Binder • Filler • Bahan additif lainnya Bahan Makanan Energi Metabolisme (kkal/kg) Protein Kasar (%) Serat Kasar (%) Lemak Kasar (%) Air (%) Ca (%) P (%) Sumber Energi Jagung Kuning 3.420 9,0 3,8 2,5 12,6 0,02 0,26 Sorghum 3.320 10,7 2,8 2,3 11,3 0,03 0,31 Menir 3.390 8,9 4,0 1,0 9,9 0,03 0,40 Padi 2.670 7,5 1,7 10,0 9,8 0,04 0,26 Sagu 3.510 0,7 0,2 0,9 9,7 0,01 0,01 Gaplek 3.300 1,5 0,7 0,9 8,8 0,08 0,06 Dedak padi 1.950 10,2 7,9 8,2 10,1 0,07 1,13 Dedak gandum 1.250 11,8 3,0 11,0 10,0 0,10 1,15 Dedak jagung 1.820 10,9 6,1 8,0 10,4 0,04 0,79 Molase 1.950 3,0 0,0 0,0 21,7 0,80 0,08 Bungkil kelapa 1.760 20,5 6,7 12,0 11,0 0,20 0,62 Bungkil kedelai 2.200 41,7 3,5 6,5 10,1 0,20 0,60 Bungkil Kc. tanah 2.370 40,2 6,0 7,6 9,7 0,16 0,54 Kedelai 2.420 37,0 17,9 5,7 11,5 0,23 0,58 Kacang hijau 2.600 24,2 1,1 5,5 10,4 0,20 1,70 Tpg daun turi 1.550 31,7 1,9 22,4 8,1 1,60 0,32 Tepung daun lamtoro 1.600 23,2 2,4 20,1 7,9 1,49 0,39 Tepung ikan 2.420 53,9 4,2 1,0 10,7 5,37 2,90 Tepung darah 2.240 80,1 1,6 1,0 9,1 0,28 0,20 Sumber Protein nabati Sumber Protein hewani FORMULA UMUM PAKAN IKAN NUTRIEN BAHAN JUMLAH Sumber Protein t. ikan, b.kedelai Sumber KH t. terigu, jagung Sumber Lemak m.ikan, m sawit Vit. & Mineral Vit. Mix, Min.mix Binder CMC Bahan Aditif Atraktan, BHT,BHA 20-40% 10-40% 5-10% 3-7% 2-3% 1-5% SUBSTITUSI Silase, keong, dll Dedak,pollard, dll Minyak kelapa, dlll Tetamin, dll Terigu, sagu, dll Minyak cumi, dll Kebutuhan & Keseimbangan Nut. KRITERIA PAKAN : Efisien : Harga per kg ikan Limbah : Feses, N dan P FISH /SHRIMP FEED COMPOSITION (%) Inclusion Rate Corn 5 - 10 Soybean Meal (SBM) 20 - 30 Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) Fish Meal (FM) Meat & Bone Meal (MBM) 5 15 - 20 5 - 8 (fish feed) Poultry Meal < 10 (fish) / < 5 (shrimp) DDGS < 5 (fish) / < 2 (shrimp) Feather Meal 1 - 2 (fish) Soy Lecithin 1 - 2 (shrimp) Fish Oil 2 Crude Palm Oil (CPO) 5 Rice Bran Premix 15 - 20 1-2 EVALUASI IMPOR BAHAN BAKU PAKAN IKAN & UDANG TAHUN 2007 BERDASARKAN SKT Source: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP No. Jenis Bahan Jumlah (Ton) % Nilai (USD) % 1. Wheat Flour/Gluten 74.864,482 40,40 21.337.853,10 31,26 2. Soyabean Meal/Lecithin 35.182,945 18,99 12.140.661,96 13,44 3. Fishmeal/Crustaceanmeal 28.763,065 15,52 28.229.801,22 31,26 4. Squidmeal 20.186,410 10,89 14.152.291,90 15,67 5. Filler 7.086,625 3,82 2.010.945,18 2,23 6. Vitamin/mineral 5.208,870 2,81 4.117.360,81 4,56 7. Oil 1.444,247 0,78 1.162.776,72 1,29 8. Shrimp/Fish Feed 2.571,475 1,39 1.777.915,40 1,97 9. Lain-lain 10.004,804 5,40 5.388.529,83 5,97 Impor Bahan Baku Pakan Januari – September 2008 Sources: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP No. Jenis Bahan Jumlah (MT) % Nilai (US $) % 1 Wheat Gluten/Flour 55.594,750 35,79 28.579.674,20 26,68 2 Soybean/Lecithin 28.405,448 18,29 15.127.041,35 14,12 3 Fishmeal/Crustaceanmeal 34.851,483 22,44 35.599.142,87 33,24 4 Squidmeal 16.516,101 10,63 13.472.094,50 12,58 5 Vitamin/mineral 5.100,284 3,28 4.951.550,67 4,62 6 Yeast 5.535,694 3,56 3.285.912,48 3,07 7 Fish/Squid Oil 1.540,620 0,99 2.129.900,74 1,99 8 Filler 2.676,650 1,72 1.247.464,99 1,16 9 Shrimp Feed/Fish Feed 645,920 0,42 422.263,81 0,39 10 Lain-lain 4.451,556 2,87 2.285.766,00 2,13 Total 155.318,506 100,00 107.100.811,61 100,00 Mineral elements have a great diversity of uses within the animal body. The following mineral elements are recognized as essential for body functions in fish: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Molybdenum Chlorine Magnesium Iron selenium Iodine Manganese Copper Cobalt Zinc To these may be added fluorine and chromium which have also been shown to be essential for land animals The prominence of each mineral element in body tissues is closely related to its functional role : • As constituents of bones and teeth, minerals provide • • strength and rigidity to skeletal structures In their ionic states in body fluids they are indispensable for the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium and osmotic relationship with the aquatic environment, and for integration activities involving the nervous and endocrine systems As components of blood pigments, enzymes and organic compounds in tissues and organs they are indispensable for essential metabolic processes involving gas exchange and energy transactions. CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS • Calcium and phosphorus are usually discussed together because they occur in the body combined with each other for the most part and because an inadequate supply of either limits the nutritive value of both. • Almost the entire store of calcium (99 percent) and most of the phosphorus (80 percent) in the fish's body are present in bones, teeth and scales. There appears to be little variation in the composition of bone ash even though bone ash will decrease as a result of dietary deficiency in either calcium or phosphorus. This composition consists of calcium and phosphorus in the ratio of approximately 2:1. • The one percent extra-skeletal calcium is widely distributed throughout the organs and tissues. Calcium in body fluids exists in two distinguishable forms, diffusable and non-diffusible. Non-diffusible calcium is bound to protein whereas the diffusible fraction is present largely as phosphate and bicarbonate compounds. It is this diffusible fraction that is of significance in calcium and phosphorus nutrition. Ionized calcium in the extracellular fluids and in the circulatory system participate importantly in muscle activity and osmoregulation. • Large amounts of extra-skeletal phosphorus are present mostly in combinations with proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and other organic compounds. These phosphocompounds are vital exchange currencies in life processes and are distributed throughout the organs and tissues of the fish. The skin, like the skeleton, also appears to be an important repository for dietary phosphorus in some species • Although their natural diets are rich in calcium, most fish are also capable of extracting dissolved calcium directly from their aquatic environment through the gills. After a 24-hour acclimatization period, channel catfish have been shown to efficiently extract calcium from rearing water containing 5 ppm of the mineral element. On the other hand, gill extraction of phosphorus is negligible and fish rely mainly upon dietary sources for this mineral element. Phosphorus present in plant phytate is poorly absorbed by fish. • Absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus begins in the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Absorbed calcium is rapidly deposited as calcium salts in the skeleton but absorbed phosphorus is distributed to all the major tissues: viscera, skeleton, skin and muscle. Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by increasing water temperature and by the presence of glucose in the diet. Its recovery from tissues also increases with increasing dietary levels of the element. On the other hand, increasing dietary calcium is not accompanied by correspondingly higher retention of the mineral element in the tissues. Feed ingredients vary widely in their calcium and phosphorus content: • Fish meal, a principal ingredient in fish feeds, is rich in • • both calcium and phosphorus On the other hand, feed ingredients of plant origin usually lack calcium and, despite a fairly high content of phosphorus the latter is predominantly in the form of phytin or phytic acid which is not readily available for absorption by fish Animal sources of calcium and phosphorus are generally better absorbed, although the stomachless carp cannot utilize bone phosphate present in fish meal as well as fish with functional stomachs • Dicalcium phosphate has the highest availability (80 percent) • Phosphorus availability of common feedstuffs varies from 33 percent for grains to 50 percent for fish meal and animal by-products. Soybean meal has an intermediate phosphorus availability of 40 percent. MAGNESIUM • The bulk of magnesium in fish (60 percent in the carp) is stored in the skeleton • Magnesium constitutes a little over 0.6 percent of the ash content of bones compared with 30 percent calcium and 15 percent phosphorus • The remaining 40 percent of the body's magnesium is distributed throughout the organs and muscle tissues (where it plays vital roles as enzyme co-factors, and as an important structural component of cell membranes) and in extracellular fluids. • Fish are capable of extracting magnesium from the environment, although studies with the common carp showed that, in this species, gill extraction of this element is very limited. • In the common carp, as well as in the rainbow trout, dietary magnesium levels do not affect calcium and phosphorus composition in the whole body or skeleton despite sharp reductions of up to 50 percent of tissue magnesium when this mineral element was lacking in the diet (80 ppm) and retarded growth and behavioral abnormalities observed. • Although natural waters are a good source of dissolved magnesium, fish do not extract this mineral element in sufficient quantities to meet dietary needs. Natural foods, as well as most artificial feed ingredients of both animal and vegetable origin, are adequate sources and deficiency under ordinary rearing conditions has not been observed to date OTHER ESSENTIAL INORGANIC ELEMENTS • Dietary requirements of fish for most of the trace mineral • • • • elements have not been established Iron deficiency in the red sea bream results in a form of microcytic, hypochromic anaemia similar to iron deficiency anaemia in land animals. Common carp fed a semi-purified diet without supplementary iron grew normally but exhibited sub-clinical symptoms of hypochromic microcytic anaemia Iodine deficiency produces a goitrous condition in trout Rainbow trout fed a semi-purified diet deficient in zinc (1 ppm) had increased mortality rate, cataracts in the eyes and erosion of the fins and of the skin. Protein digestibility was also reduced Manganese has also been shown to be essential for growth and survival of Tilapia mossambica and the rainbow trout. • The roles of trace elements in fish, although not clearly defined, are probably similar to those described for land animals • Fish in their natural habitats are probably adequately provided for to meet the requirements for all the mineral elements. However, the intensive culture of certain fish species in man-made ponds and raceways, together with reliance on artificial feeding, make it necessary to incorporate adequate quantities of mineral nutrients in the feed. For the most part, where exact requirements are not known, levels are arbitrarily based on land animal requirements Mineral element Principal metabolic activities Requirement symptoms Calcium Bone and cartilage formation; blood clotting; muscle contraction not defined 5g Phosphorus Bone formation; high energy phosphate esters; other organo-phosphorus compounds Lordosis, poor growth 7g Magnesium Enzyme co-factor extensively involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins Loss of appetite, poor growth, tetany 500 mg Sodium Primary monovalent cation of inter cellular fluid; involved in acid-base balance and osmoregulation not defined 1-3g Potassium Primary monovalent cation of intra-cellular fluid; involved in nerve action and osmoregulation not defined 1-3g Sulphur Integral part of sulphur amino acids and collagen; involved in detoxification of aromatic compounds not defined 3-5g Chlorine Primary monovalent anion in cellular fluids; component of digestive juice (HCl); acid-base balance not defined 1-5g Iron Essential constituent of haeme in haemoglobin, cytochromes, Microcytic, homochronic Req./ kg dry diet 50-00 mg Mineral element Copper Principal metabolic activities Requirement symptoms Requireme nt / kg dry diet Component of haeme in haemocyanin (of cephalopods); co-factor in tyrosinase and ascorbic acid oxidase not defined 1-4g Manganese Co-factor for arginase and certain other metabolic enzymes; involved in bone formation and erythrocyte regeneration not defined 20-50 mg Cobalt Metal component of cyanocobalamin (B12). Prevents anaemia; involved in C1 and C3 metabolism not defined 5-10 mg Zinc Essential for insulin structure and function; co-factor of carbonic anhydrase not defined 30-100 mg Iodine Constituent of thyroxine; regulates oxygen use Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) 100-300 mg Molybdenum Co-factor of xanthine, oxidase, hydrogenases and reductases not defined (trace) Chromium Involved in collagen formation and regulation of the rate of glucose metabolism not defined (trace) Fluorine Component of bone appatite not defined (trace)