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Chapter 3: Biochemistry Honors Biology 2011 What are we made of? Why do we have to eat? Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) The Chemistry of Carbon Living organisms are made of carbon based molecules known as organic molecules. Carbon’s versatility is the key to the structure of organic molecules: Carbon can bond with up to 4 other atoms at once. Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds. Carbon bonds easily with other carbon atoms to form the backbone of large organic molecules. Carbon can bond with many different elements such as H, O, P, S, N. Macromolecules Most molecules in cells are so large they are macromolecules or “giant molecules” made from thousands of smaller molecules Polymerization: large molecules are made from joining smaller ones together Monomers: small building blocks Polymers: long chains of monomers Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks = monomers Bond them together = polymers Making Polymers Monomers link to form polymers in a reaction called a condensation reaction One small molecule comes out each time two monomers form a bond. When that molecule is water, it’s called dehydration synthesis. Monomer + Monomer Polymer + Water Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer How to take large molecules apart Digestion Hydrolysis taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + Energy Breaking Down Polymers Polymers can be broken down back into monomers by a reaction called hydrolysis. Water is added to break a bond between monomers. Exergonic reaction (energy comes out) Polymer + Water Monomer + Monomer Example of digestion Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy starch Energy glucose Energy Starch is digested to glucose Energy Currency Life processes require energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that contains LOTS of energy When P is removed, energy is released and can be used by the cell. Section 3-3: Molecules of Life Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to extract energy Unit = calorie to make ATP ATP What do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running bodies carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids vitamins minerals, salts water Don’t forget water Water 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomer = Building block molecules = monosaccharide or simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose) sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy glucose C6H12O6 storage structure cell wall in plants sucrose Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) starch Monosaccharides = Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in -ose CH2OH glucose fructose sucrose maltose H O H OH H H OH HO H OH glucose C6H12O6 sucrose fructose maltose Building carbohydrates Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis. Example: Maltose = glucose + glucose monosaccharides | glucose | glucose 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose Building carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis monosaccharides | glucose | fructose 2 sugars = disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains hard to digest, most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Lipids Concentrated energy molecules Elements: C, H, O Lipids are not polymers- only made of 4 parts, not a long repeating chain Made of Glycerol & Fatty Acids (long, unbranched carbon chains) Lipids are large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water. Lipids Function: energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs waterproofing insulates body think whale blubber! some hormones Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female) Molecular Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” Many C-H bonds that store more energy than the C-O bonds common in other organic compounds. Saturated fats Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four atoms. They are full or saturated. Contain LOTS of energy Most animal fats solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries Unsaturated fats Carbon atoms that are not bonded to the maximum number of atoms that they can bond to, form double bonds and are said to be unsaturated, not full. Contain less energy than saturated fats. Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids forms a barrier between the cell & the outside Other Types of Lipids Wax - long fatty acid joined to long alcohol chain. Waterproof, form a protective coating on outer surfaces. Steroids - four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached. Many animal hormones are steroids Cholesterol is needed by the body for nerve cells and other cells to function normally. Other lipids in biology Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease