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Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms 1. Binomial nomenclature 2. Taxon Groups (hierarchal system of classifying organisms) 3. Phylogony & Cladistics (classifying based on evolutionary histories of animals) Why classify? 1. Single, universal name 2. Avoid confusion (be on same page) 3. Understand how living things are related to one another copyright cmassengale 6 copyright cmassengale 7 System of scientific naming using Latin (dead language of scholars) • Developed by Carolus Linnaeus (“Father of Taxonomy 1750s) • Two word scientific name consists of Genus and species • Genus name capitalized, species name not • Must be underlined when written or printed in italics ex. Ursus maritimus or Ursus maritimus • Which TWO are more closely related? E.g. What are the FIVE common names of this animal? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mountain Lion Cougar Puma (Florida) Panther Catamount Rocky Mountain resident Florida resident It would be very confusing for scientists if we didn’t have a scientific name to research and talk about the animal. Felis concolor Genus species = scientific name of the mountain lion Homo sapiens (wise man) 1. Scientific name for human beings 2. Homo = genus (capitalized & underlined) 3. sapiens = species (underlined, but NOT capitalized) • • • Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale 14 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale 15 Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Kingdom BROADEST TAXON • Kingdom is Phylum least specific, Class largest group Order Family Genus Species • Species is most specific, contains only one kind of organism 17 King Phillip . Came Over For Grape Soda! 18 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (kings) (play) (chess) (on) (fine) (green) (silk) (King (Phillip) (Came) (Over) (For) (Grape) (Soda) 6 kingdoms to which all living things must be classified into based on cell type Unicellular Prokaryotic 1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria 2. Eubacteria – most bacteria Eukaryotic 3. Protista – single-celled organisms Multicellular 4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms 5. Plantae - plants 6. Animalia - animals • • • Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – – – – Sewage Treatment Plants Thermal or Volcanic Vents Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale 23 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale 24 • • • • Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale 25 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale 26 • • • • Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale 27 •Most are unicellular •Some are multicellular •Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic •Aquatic copyright cmassengale 28 • • • Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale 29 •Multicellular •Autotrophic •Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis •Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale 30 • • • Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals 31 copyright cmassengale 32 copyright cmassengale 33 • Most genera contain a number of similar species Bluegill Green Sunfish Lepomis macrochirus • Lepomis cyanellus Classification is based on evolutionary relationships • • • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows copyright cmassengale 37 Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale 38 Means of organizing species based on common relationships : Family tree that shows evolutionary relationships that are thought to exist among organisms. • Based on embryological development, chromosome similarity, biochemical and morphological similarities, and gene sequence data Cladistics: • Type of phylogenetic classification that establishes evolutionary relationships based on derived characters. Derived characters: Features that evolved only within the group being examined Ex: Feathers on birds • The more features organisms have in common, the closer the relatedness of the organisms in evolutionary history Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales Geologic Time Scale