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• Similar traits often indicates common ancestry • Phylogeny: evolutionary histories of a species • Determined by examining: – – – – Fossils Living specimens Molecular data Development Fossil Evidence • Homologous structures: body parts that have a similar structure, but different function • Relationships identified among different species • Fossils link past life to modern life Anatomy shows nonrelationships also • Comparing DNA, amino acids, chromosomes, proteins – Similarities and differences can be found • DNA mutates at known rates – Splits in evolution can be estimated Chromosome order: Human, orangutan, gorilla, pygmy chimp • Zygote divides by mitosis (1 2 4 8) • Blastula (ball of cells) forms • Blastopore (small indentation) begins to form digestive system • Blastopore develops into the anus of some animals and mouth of others • Conclusion: Similar development indicates relationship Which two organisms are more closely related to one another? In both humans and starfish, the blastopore becomes our anus…. In insects, the blastopore becomes their mouth. Phylogeny • Defined: the evolutionary history of a species • Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from their ancestor • Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology are used to build cladograms Very broad Less broad Less broad Less broad Very specific Texas Dallas USA N. America W. hemisphere Rio de Janeiro Dallas Quebec Las Vegas Dallas Quebec Las Vegas Dallas Las Vegas Canada Las Vegas Quebec S. America Rio de Janeiro Earth cities France Paris E. hemisphere Paris Rome Nevada Italy Rome Choices: Paris Rio de Janeiro Dallas Quebec Las Vegas Rome Texas Dallas USA N. America W. hemisphere Rio de Janeiro Dallas Quebec Las Vegas Dallas Quebec Las Vegas Dallas Las Vegas Canada Nevada Quebec S. America Earth cities France E. hemisphere Paris Rome Italy What does Dallas and Quebec have in common? Earth cities, W. Hemisphere, N. America Phylogeny List the characteristics of a salamander. Jaws Lungs • Defined: the evolutionary history of a species • Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from their ancestor • Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology are used to build cladograms Phylogeny What does a mouse and lizard have in common? • Defined: the evolutionary history of a species • Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from their ancestor • Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology are used to build cladograms 1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor 1) What does an amphibian & crocodile have in common? Vertebrae, Bony skeleton, Four limbs 2) List the traits of a ray-finned fish. Vertebrae, bony skeleton, does not have 4 limbs These are the same cladograms in two different formats. What does an amphibian & rabbit have in common? 1 2 3 How many of these 8 species have calcitic sclerites? 4 5 6 7 1 How many of these 8 species have a common coenchyme? 2 3 4 5 1 How many of these 8 species have eight fully developed mesenteries? 2 Review 1) What is morphology and how can it be used to help classify organisms? 2) What are homologous structures and how is it used to help classification? 3) How can molecular evidence like DNA and chromosomes be used to classify life? 4) What does it mean if two different organisms develop along similar pattern? Different patterns? 5) List the traits of birds. 6) What do birds and prosimians have in common? 7) Which trait separates insects from the rest?
