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are composed of thousands of smaller organic molecules (Monomers) to form a long chain called (macromolecules) * Poly = many; -mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together called monomers * Monomers are covalently linked to one another through the removal of water (dehydration reaction) to form polymers. * What is a polymer? Polymer is a long molecule consists of a chain of similar building molecules (monomers) covalently bounded together. Polymers principles: • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Q: How do monomers connect? A: By dehydration reaction One monomer provides a hydroxyl group One monomer provides a hydrogyn group Covalent Bond Monomers By Dehydration Forms Covalent bonds Polymer By Hydration breaks Covalent bonds Polymer Monomers 1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates Monosaccharaides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Monosaccharaides Based on the number of C in the skeleton Based on the location of C=O Aldoses (C=O) at the end of C chain (e.g. Glucose). Ketoses Triose C=O is within the C chain (e.g. Fructose). (3C) e.g. Glyceraldehy de Pentose (5C): e.g. Ribose. Hexose (6C): e.g. Glucose, Fructose and Galactose • The hydration reaction disassembles the covalent bonds in the polymer and convert it to small monomers. This reaction dominate the Add water digestive process with the help of specific enzymes. • THIS REACTION NEEDS WATER. • It happens when H and OH (from the water) attaches where the bond used to be. Add water • The dehydration reaction convert the small monomers into one large polymer. • THIS REACTION PROVIDES WATER. • It happens when H atom from one monomers attaches with OH from another one to create water and new polymer. 10 Disaccharides Consisted of 2 monosaccharide molecules during a dehydration reaction. e.g. Sucrose (table sugar): consists of Glucose + Fructose. Polysaccharides Storage Starch (in plants) consisted of thousands of glucose molecules. Structural Glycogen (in animals) consisted of thousands of glucose molecules. Cellulose (in plants) consisted of thousands of glucose molecules. β Chitin (in insects) consisted of thousands of glucose molecules with a N atom in one end It is consisted of β glucose molecules. “Human cannot digest it, but some bacteria and protozoa can” It is the building material in insects. It is consisted of thousands of glucose molecules and an N atom at the end. Consisted of few hundreds to few thousands of monosaccharaides • Storage: provides sugar by hydrolysis Human can’t digest it, but Surgical thread some bacteria & protozoa can insects • Structural: building materials for the organism Chitin Cellulose (in Plants): It is the building material of the It forms the micro-fibrils and cell cuticle in insects. It consists of wall in plants & it consisted of 1000s of glucose with N atom at beta glucose molecules. the end. 14 * * * * Starch is a plant storage from of energy, easily hydrolyzed to glucose units Cellulose is a fiber-like structural material tough and insoluble - used in plant cell walls Glycogen is a highly branched chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and the liver. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls. * Proteins is a polymer of amino acids “ there are 2o different amino acids” . The proteins are consisted of Hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, Amino acid and R group ( variable ) H H N Amino group H C R Side chain C O OH Carboxyl group Amino acids are joined together with peptide bond by dehydration reaction. Click here to view the video The repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the polypeptide backbone. Amino Acids Hydrophobic the amino acids that have hydrophobic R groups (nonpolar). Hydrophilic Ionized the amino acids that have polar R groups, making them hydrophilic. the amino acids with functional groups that are charged (ionized) at cellular pH (7). So, some R groups are bases, others are acids. None Polar R Group Polar R Group Functional R Group Lipids Fats store large amounts of energy Phospholipids steroids major components of cell membranes include cholesterol and certain hormones In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a triacylglycerol. Lipids do not form polymer 20 In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage creating a triacylglycerol. Phospholipids have two fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group( Two tails and a head ) the tails are hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic . form sex hormones and Cholesterol Saturated 1. Fats The MostFatty animal acid fats components are saturated. are saturated They (there areissolid no double at room bonds temperature. between the carbons. Saturated Allfats-rich C are linked diet results with H.inThus, it is Atherosclerosis. saturated with H Un-saturated These double bonds are formed by the removal of H atoms. They can befish synthetically Most vegetable fats (oils) and fats are converted to saturated (solid) by adding H unsaturated. (Hydrogenation). They are liquid at room temperature. there is no double bonds between the carbons “ Most animals Fats are saturated” And they are solid at the room temperature. The double bonds are formed by removing the H atoms. “ Most vegetables oils and fish oils are Un-saturated “ And they are liquid at room temperature. 2.Saturated 1.unsaturated Phospholipids They have two fatty acids Attached to glycerol And a phosphate group l-fah 25 macromolecules lipids carbohydrates Monosaccharid es Disaccharid es Polysaccharid es Fats phospholipids Nucleic acids * Proteins Amino acids steroids Hydrophilic Hydrophobic ionized * * Q1: Write whether each of the following statements is True (T) or False (F): * 2-Polysaccharides are polymers with few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined by peptide bond. * * * * * * * * * 3- The glucose monomers of cellulose are in the a configuration. * 1-The four classes of organic compounds- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are called polymers. 4- Chitin is a structural polysaccharide. 5-Starch can be digested by humans. 6-Saturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms. 7-Stored polysaccharides in animals are known as starch. 8-In cellulose, all glucose monomers are in Ɣconfiguration. 9-Lipids are not polymers. 10- Glycogen is built up of several units of glucose monomers. 11- DNA and RNA molecules contain a hexose sugar called fructose. * 6-Based on the number of C, sugars are classified into: * a)- trioses b)- pentoses c)- hexoses d)- all a, b and c * * 7-Which of the following polysaccharide is stored in plant cells: a)- starch b)- cellulose c)- glycogen * d)- chitin * * * 8-Polypeptides are formed when amino acids link together by: * d)- peptide * a)- ionic bonds b)- hydrogen bonds c)- ester bonds bonds * * * 9-Sex hormones are: a-steroids c-phospholipids b-fats 10-Saturated fats are: a)- found in oils, and liquid at room temperature b)- contain double bonds * * c)- found in animal fats and solid at room temperature * d)- can be transformed into unsaturated fats by hydrogenation * * *