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What are bodies made of? Water 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids Regents Biology Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials (SYNTHESIS) to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy ATP Regents Biology ATP Building MACROMOLECULES: large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Regents Biology Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Regents Biology Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Regents Biology How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids Regents Biology amino acids = building block protein = polymer How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP Regents Biology Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Regents Biology CH2OH Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy storage Structure Examples sugars starches Cellulose Regents Biology H HO H OH O H H OH H OH What elements make carbohydrates? Sucrose Glucose Regents Biology 2:1 Ratio Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in -ose glucose fructose sucrose maltose CH2OH Regents Biology H O H OH H H OH HO H OH glucose C6H12O6 sucrose fructose maltose Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Regents Biology Types of Carbohydrates 1 sugar = monosaccharide simple sugars all have C6H12O6 formula may be linear, can form rings Can be used for fuel Can be combined into polymers Ex: Glucose, Fructose mono = one saccharide = sugar Regents Biology sugar Examples of monosaccharides Triose sugars Pentose sugars (C3H6O3) (C5H10O5) H O H Aldoses C O C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH HO C H C OH H H C OH H H H C H C OH H HO C H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H H Glucose Galactose H C OH H H C OH C O H C OH C O O C OH H C OH HO H H C OH H C OH Dihydroxyacetone H C OH H C OH H H C OH H O C H H Ketoses H O C Ribose Ribulose Regents Biology H C Glyceraldehyde Figure 5.3 Hexose sugars (C6H12O6) C H H Fructose 15 Types of Carbohydrates 2 sugars = disaccharide sugar sugar double sugars all have C12H22O11 formula joined by glycosidic linkages Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose Regents Biology Sucrose (table sugar) How are complex carbohydrates formed? Dehydration Synthesis: combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + + water H2O + Regents Biology Regents Biology How are complex carbohydrates broken down? Hydrolysis: The addition of water to a compound to split it into smaller subunits - Also known as: chemical digestion disaccharide + C12H22O11 + Regents Biology water H2O = monosaccharide + monosaccharide C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 HAVE YOU BEEN PAYING ATTENTION? The following reaction is an example of a hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis reaction? Explain your answer. Regents Biology HAVE YOU BEEN PAYING ATTENTION? What type of reaction is occurring below, hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? Fill in the blank disaccharide Regents Biology Types of Carbohydrates 3 or more sugars = polysaccharide A polymer of sugars sugar poly = many Regents Biology sugar sugar sugar Glycogen Cellulose Starch Chitin sugar sugar Polysaccharides Starch glucose storage in plants glucose monomers potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals glucose monomers in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants glucose monomers* cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton Regents Biology Cellulose has different glycosidic linkages than starch H CH2O H O H OH H H 4 H OH HO H O CH2O H H O OH H 4 1 OH H HO H C OH glucose H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H OH glucose (a) and glucose ring structures CH2O H O CH2O H O HO 4 1 OH O 1 OH 4 O 1 OH OH OH CH2O H O CH2O H O O 4 1 OH O OH OH (b) Starch: 1– 4 linkage of glucose monomers CH2O H O HO Figure 5.7 A–C Regents Biology OH CH2O H O OH O 1 4 OH O OH OH O OH O O CH2O CH2O OH OH H H (c) Cellulose: 1– 4 linkage of glucose monomers OH 24 Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose cellulose = roughage Fiber stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Regents Biology Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Regents Biology Different structure = different function Regents Biology CHECKPOINT In animals, which occurs during the synthesis of larger, more complex organic molecules from smaller organic molecules? 1.Water is released 2.Oxygen is released 3.Water is added 4.A carbon is lost Regents Biology CHECKPOINT Which complex carbohydrate is the storage form of energy in plants? 1.Cellulose 2.Starch 3.Glycogen 4.Chitin Regents Biology CHECKPOINT The digestion of maltose involves the 1.Removal of water molecules from maltose 2.Removal of carbon dioxide molecules from maltose 3.Addition of water molecules from maltose 4.Addition of carbon dioxide molecules to maltose Regents Biology CHECKPOINT List the 3 other organic molecules we still need to learn about. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Regents Biology