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States of
Consciousness
Chapter 5
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Consciousness
Awareness or state which a
person is awake
Could be to:
Sensory awareness
Inner awareness
Sense of self that each person
experiences
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Selective Attention
• Focusing on a
particular stimulus
– What you pay
attention to
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Levels of Consciousness
•Preconscious level
–Not in your awareness at the moment but able to recall them
•Example: what did you eat for lunch yesterday
•Unconscious level (Subconscious)
–Unavailable to awareness
•Example: Being mad at a parent but not really knowing
why
–Turns out that parent was not there for you when you
were sick and you are still upset about it
•Nonconscious level
–Things that you will not be aware of
•Example: your finger nails growing (feeling them grow)
•Example: your pupils getting smaller
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Altered States of
Consciousness
• Where a persons sense of self or sense
of the world changes
– Examples include:
• When you doze off and no longer conscious of
what is going on around you
• When you are asleep
• If an individual is under the influence of drugs
• During meditation, hypnosis, sensory deprivation
or starvation
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Sleep & Dreams
Circadian rhythms are:
•Your natural biological
rhythms
•Your natural 24 hour
clock
Circadian rhythms
include:
•body temperature, blood
pressure, sleepiness and
wakefulness
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Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
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Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a
conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves
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Stage 1
Click dude for alpha
Waves.
Click to see an
awake brain.
• Lightest stage of
sleep
• Kind of awake and
kind of asleep
• Alpha waves
• Produces mild
hallucinations, like a
feeling of falling or
floating.
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Stage 2
•Fully asleep
•Begin to show sleep
spindles…short bursts
of rapid brain waves.
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Stage 3 & Stage 4
• Slow wave sleep
• Deep sleep
• You produce Delta
waves.
• If awoken you will be
very groggy.
• Vital for restoring
body’s growth
hormones and good
overall health.
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REM Sleep
• Dream sleep
• Often called
paradoxical sleep.
• Brain is very active.
• Body is essentially
paralyzed.
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• Stage 1
Stages of Sleep
– lightest stage of
sleep
• Stage 2
– We spend the most
time in stage 2 sleep
• Stage 3
– Deep sleep
• Stage 4
– Deep Sleep (Deepest
stage of sleep)
• REM sleep
– Dream sleep
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Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
We sleep to help the
immune system, to
help our bodies
function normally, and
to help with
concentration
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Sleep Deprivation
1. Fatigue and subsequent death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. Greater vulnerability.
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Sleep Theories
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and
repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and
rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary
gland releases growth hormone. Older people
release less of this hormone and sleep less.
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Dreams
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Freud’s Theory of Dreams
• Dreams are a
roadway into our
unconscious.
• Manifest Content
(storyline)
• Latent Content
(underlying meaning)
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Our Cerebral Cortex
is trying to interpret
random electrical
activity we have
while sleeping.
• That is why dreams
sometimes make no
sense.
• Biological Theory.
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Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams are a way to
deal with the
stresses of everyday
life.
• We tend to dream
more when we are
more stressed.
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Physiological Function
theory: Dreams
provide the sleeping
brain with periodic
stimulation to
develop and preserve
neural pathways.
Neural networks of
newborns are quickly
developing; therefore,
they need more sleep.
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4. Cognitive Development theory: Some
researchers argue that we dream as a
part of brain maturation and cognitive
development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
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Dream Theories
Summary
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Sleep Disorders
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Insomnia
• Persistent problems
falling asleep
• Inability to fall
asleep or stay asleep
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Night Terrors
• Wake up with from a
deep sleep.
• May feel panic
• May wake up
screaming and have
no idea why.
• Not a nightmare.
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Somnambulism
• Sleep Walking
• Most often occurs
during the first few
hours of sleeping and
in stage 4 (deep
sleep).
• If you have had
night terrors, you
are more likely to
sleep walk when
older.
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Sleep Apnea
• A person stops
breathing during
their sleep.
• Wake up
momentarily, gasps
for air, then falls
back asleep.
• Very common,
especially in heavy
males.
• Can be fatal.
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Narcolepsy
• Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall
asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate
times.
• Directly into REM sleep
• Video
– Narcoleptic dog
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Meditation
• A method some
people use to try
to narrow their
consciousness so
to get rid of stress
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Biofeedback
• Training the body
to calm itself down
and slow down the
heart rate using
machines
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis
Altered state of
consciousness
where people
respond to
suggestions and
behave as though
they are in a
trance
Franz Anton Mesmer
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• Posthypnotic
suggestion
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Hypnotic Feats
Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory
abilities similarly affect those who are
hypnotized
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Hypnotic Theories
Social influence/Role
Theory
• Hypnosis is NOT an
altered state of
consciousness.
• Different people have
various state of hypnotic
suggestibility.
• A social phenomenon
where people want to
believe.
• Work better on people
with richer fantasy lives.
Divided consciousness/
State Theory
• Hypnosis is an altered
state of consciousness.
• Dramatic health
benefits
• It works for pain best.
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Facts and Falsehood
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power
resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of
forgotten events?
No.
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Facts and Falsehood
Can hypnosis force people to act
against their will?
No.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes.
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Yes.
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that
alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).
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Categories of drugs
• Depressants
– Slow down brain
activity
• Stimulants
– Speed up brain activity
• Hallucinogens
– Produces hallucinations
• Visual
• Textile
• Auditory
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Depressants
• Slows down body
processes
• Alcohol
• Narcotics (barbiturates
& tranquilizers)
• Heroin
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Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness while
reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving
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Stimulants
• Speed up body
processes
–
–
–
–
–
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Ecstasy
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Methamphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing
accelerated body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
• http://kdvr.com/2012/02/25/faces-of-meth/
• http://fav-meth-head-of-theday.com/faces-of-meth/
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Hallucinogens
Ronald K. Siegel
Hallucinogens are
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that
distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory
input.
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Hallucinogens
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is
also known as acid.
2. Marijuana
1. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is
the major active ingredient in marijuana
(hemp plant) that triggers a variety of
effects, including mild hallucinations.
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Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance,
despite its adverse consequences (physical &
psychological).
•
•
•
•
Addiction hotline 1-888-984-5653
Rehabilitation
Counseling
Support groups
- NA & AA
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Treatments for Drug Abuse
1. Detoxification
–
–
Removal of harmful substances from the body
Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after
addiction), users may experience the undesirable
effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a
feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
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Drugs
Summary
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