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Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around. Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules? Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules? Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon atoms have four valence electrons • Form strong covalent bonds with many other elements • Bond to: hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen • Molecules in living organisms are made up of molecules that contain carbon Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon atoms can also bond to each other • Form long chains • Form millions of different large and complex structures • Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds • Can form rings Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules • Giant molecules • Made from 1,000’s or even 100,000’s of smaller molecules. • Polymerization: process in which compounds are built by joining smaller ones together Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules • The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. • The monomers in a polymer may be identical or different. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules • The four major groups of macromolecules in living things are: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates: compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms • Usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 • Example: glucose C6H12O6 • Main source of energy for living organisms • Used for structural purposes in plants and some animals Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates • The breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy to cells. • Many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Simple Sugars • Monosaccharide: single sugar molecule • Examples: • Glucose • Galactose (milk) • Fructose (fruits) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide: large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Glycogen: polysaccharide in which many animals store excess sugar • When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen (liver) is broken down into glucose, which is then released into the blood. • The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Plants store excess sugar as plant starch. • Plants also make cellulose, which gives plants much of their strength and rigidity. • Cellulose is a major component of wood and paper. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids or Fats • • • • • Large group of biological molecules Usually NOT soluble in water Made of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms Used to store energy Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids • Composed of a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids • Saturated: single bonds between carbons in a fatty acid chain • Maximum number of hydrogen bonds • Unsaturated: 1 C-C double bond • Polyunsaturated: more than 1 C-C double bond Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids • Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, tend to be liquid at room temperature. • The data in the table illustrate how melting point decreases as the degree of unsaturation increases. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information • Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus • Polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: • 5-carbon sugar • phosphate group (–PO4) • nitrogenous base Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids • Two kinds of nucleic acids: • Both contain nucleotides made from a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base • ribonucleic acid (RNA) • sugar ribose • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • sugar deoxyribose Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein • Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Composed amino acids • 20 amino acids in nature • All have identical structure • Amino group (-NH2) • Carboxyl group (-COOH) • R group Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein • Chains of amino acids form by covalent bonds between an amino group and a carboxyl group • R groups of amino acids are different • Either basic or acidic • Either polar or nonpolar • Some contain carbon rings Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Proteins • Instructions for arranging amino acids into proteins are contained in DNA • Some proteins: • Control reaction rates • Regulate cell processes • Form bones and muscles • Transport substances into/out of cells • Help fight disease Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.
