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Review for Accelerated Final Exam What is biology? The study of life. Bio means life ology means the study of What are the characteristics of life? Order sensitivity growth development reproduction regulation What are the steps of the scientific method? Problem hypothesis procedure/experiment collect data organize data interpret data conclude Darwin’s contribution to the Theory of Evolution Sailed on HMS Beagle Observed: giant extinct armadillos finches on Galapagos Is. Fossil beds in S.A. Giant land tortoises wrote On the Origin of Species What is Natural Selection The concept of evolution through natural selection suggests species that are born with favorable traits are more likely to survive and thus more likely to pass on their genetic traits to their offspring, governing the basis for evolution How are fossils dated? By using radioactive isotopes of elements with a known half-life – the most common being carbon 14 What is comparative anatomy? The science of comparing anatomical features of different organisms in hopes to find relationships between them and understand evolution better What is the difference between analogous and homologous structures? Analogous – structures have different embryological beginnings, but have the same function (wing of bat – wing of bee) Homologous – structures with the same embryological beginnings, but do NOT have the same function (leg of a horse – flipper of a porpoise) Sample questions Darwin was 22 when he began his voyage on the HMS beagle. Cells are the smallest level of biological organization. Deductive reasoning is when general principles are found from SPECIFIC cases. Hypothesis always withstanding the test of experiments is NOT true. D The scientific process involves rejection of hypothesis that are inconsistent with experimental results Darwin was greatly influenced by Thomas Malthus and his “On the Principles of Population” Bat’s wings and porpoises’ flippers are considered homologous structures Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection Those creatures who possess favorable traits are more suitable for survival and thus have a greater chance of successful reproduction and the passing of their traits to their offspring. What is an atom made up of? Protons (positive charged subatomic particles) Neutrons (neutral subatomic particles) Electrons (negative charged subatomic particles) What are isotopes? Elements with the same proton number but different neutron number What are valence electrons? Outermost electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom giving the atom it’s chemical characteristics Periodic Table – arranged according to chemical characteristics and numbered according to the number of protons in the nucleus Elements strive towards filling their outer shell with the maximum number of electrons (8) – this is called the Octet Rule and it’s one of the characteristics of elements that categorizes them on the PT. Noble/Inert gases have fulfilled the Octet Rule and are nonreactive with the other elements. Dimetri Mendeleev constructed the Periodic Table to help organize the known elements of his time. Water polarity – water molecules have unequal charges. The hydrogen “ears” are slightly positive and the oxygen “face” is slightly negative Water has a high specific heat. It takes a lot of energy to heat up 1 gram of water 1 degrees celsius. When water evaporates – a great deal of energy (heat) is used to convert it from a liquid to a gas. This process helps to cool our bodies when we sweat. Water is a powerful solvent due to it’s polar characteristics. It tends to disassociate ions and in turn “dissolves” substances in it readily Ordinary oxygen has 8 neutrons Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as ions An atom of nitrogen has an atomic number of 7, an atomic mass of 14 , and 7 electrons Carbon has 4 valence electrons available as bonding sites. They are all equidistant A carbohydrate that is a macromolecule which contains CHO, with a 2:1 ratio between the C:O Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as glucose, galactose, and fructose. They are “one sugar” molecules. Disacharides are transport sugars, such as lactose and sucrose Polysaccharides are long chains of simple sugars, such as starch, chitin, cellulose and pectin A transport sugar is a disaccharide that can be stored in an organism without being acted upon. They are able to move throughout without being digested. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of long chains of glucose. It is the form in which plants store glucose Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is made up of very long chains of glucose and serve as a structural material, giving plants strength in their cell walls Lipids are made up of CHO, however, the ratio of C to H is much higher than in carbohydrates. Unsaturated fats have 1 carbon to carbon double bond per fatty acid chain Polyunsaturated fats have 2 or more carbon to carbon double bonds in their fatty acid chains Saturated fats do not contain any double bonds in their fatty acid chains and as a result are solids at room temperature Proteins are made up of CHON. They are chains of amino acids The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds Proteins can assume a primary (linear) shape, secondary (pleated sheet or helix), tertiary (globular) or quarternary (more than one protein together) Denaturation is when the pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes to the degree that it causes the protein to unravel or fall apart. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids DNA double helix thymine deoxyribose sugar RNA single strand uracil ribose sugar Carbon dehydration denaturation chitin glycerol R oils/liquids aromatic