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Classification of
Organisms
Why Classify?
The scientific name of
an organism gives
biologists a common
way of communicating,
regardless of their
native language!
Classification:
1. Why Classify?
– Eliminate
confusion
– Organize
information
– Reveal
Evolutionary
relationships
Classification:
2. What is
Taxonomy?
* Field of
biology that
identifies and
classifies
organisms
Classification:
What is the name
(general) of a
scientist who
studies traits to
determine
evolutionary
relationships?
*Taxonomist
Classification:
3. What was Aristotle’s
method of classification?
What did he use to put
organisms in these
categories?
*Plants and Animals
*Animals were further
divided to where they
lived (air, land, water)
Classification:
4. Which biologist
developed the current
classification system?
–Carlos
Linnaeus
began
working on
classification
in 1735
Classification:
Linnaeus
He placed
organisms
into Taxon or
Taxa (pl)
From:
most general
to most
specific
Carlos Linnaeus method
for Classification
•Morphology: Structure
and Form
Classification:
5. Hierarchy of Classification (from
largest to smallest)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
Classification:
What is a domain? What are the three
domains and which kingdoms do
they contain?
*Domain – most general
category in which
kingdoms are placed.
*Archaea – Archaebacteria
*Bacteria – Eubacteria
*Eukarya – Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
Classification:
6. Binomial nomenclature: What is it?
Which language is used and why?
– 2-name system using the genus name and
the species name. The scientific name is
either underlined or italicized. The first letter
of the Genus name is capitalized and the
species name is lowercase.
– EX: Cambarus bartoni or Cambarus
bartoni
– Latin - universal language
Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
How about some
EXAMPLES?
• Homo sapiens ----• Castor canadensis----• Canis latrans---
How Biologists Classify
Organisms
5. Dichotomous key –
tool used to identify
organisms. It lists
several observable
traits and 2
contrasting options.
18.2 How Biologists Classify
Organisms
1. Define
Phylogeny:
*evolutionary
history
18.2 How Biologists Classify
Organisms
2. What is a
Phylogenetic Tree?
*a diagram that shows
evolutionary
relationships. Shows
possible relationships
among phyla. Tips
represent modern
organisms.
What do they consider
when classifying organisms?
3a. Fossil record – fossils give clues
to evolutionary history; some
organisms have a complete record,
some have incomplete records.
What do they consider
when classifying organisms?
3b. Morphology - Form & structure
• EX: homologous vs analogous
structures. Determine if there is a
common ancestor or not.
What do they consider
when classifying organisms?
•
Embryology –
A blastopore is a small
indentation that develops into the
digestive system. blastopore @
the anterior end (mouth) and in
chordates/echinoderms, the
blastopore @ the posterior end
(anus).
What do they consider
when classifying organisms?
3c. Embryology – egg + sperm =
zygote; zygote divides via mitosis
and forms a blastula.
Embryology
• Do you remember?
What do they consider
when classifying organisms?
3d. Macromolecule comparison –
amino acid and protein
comparison (remember the amino
acid activity).
18.2 How Biologists Classify
Organisms
4. Why do biologists study cladistics?
* Infers relationships based on shared
characters (features).
– Cladogram – ancestry diagrams
How Biologists Classify
Organisms
4. Differentiate between an ancestral
character and a derived character.
Provide examples.
– Ancestral character – feature that evolved
in a common ancestor of two different
groups. (backbone is in birds and mammals)
– Derived character – feature that apparently
evolved only within the group under
consideration. (birds and feathers –
mammals do not have feathers)
How Biologists Classify
Organisms
4c. What is a cladogram? How are organisms placed
on a cladogram?
*Cladogram –
ancestry diagrams
~Organisms that
share derived
characters are
grouped together.
18.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms
How are cladograms and
phylogenetic trees
similar?
*each represents
a hypothesis of
evolutionary
history, which
must be inferred
because it was
not observed.
Domain Archaea
Domain Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Amoeba
Paramecium
Water Mold
Euglena
Giardia
Slime Mold
Dinoflagellates Green Algae
Brown Algae
Diatom
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte
(Moss)
Pteridophyte
(Fern)
Pteridophyte
(Fern)
Coniferophytes
(Pine Trees)
Angiosperm;
Dicot
Angiosperm;
Monocot
Time for some
Classification!!
• List your 15 Favorite
Musical Artists or
Groups.
KINGDOM
•MUSIC
PHYLUM
•Type of Music ie:
Blues, Rock, Rap
CLASS
• Specific Type ie: Rock: Classic
Rock, Punk Rock etc.
Order
This is Extra Credit! 
• Record labels
Family
Band or Artist’s Name
ie: Ludacris
Genus species
• Title of Song
The Break Down!
• Birth name: Christopher Brian Bridges
Born: September 11, 1977 ) (age 30)
Champaign, Illinois, United States
• Origin: Atlanta, Georgia, United States
• Genre(s):Southern Rap
Pop Rap
Crunk
Hyphy
Hardcore Rap
Gangsta Rap
• Years active1998 – present
• Label(s)Disturbing tha Peace/Def Jam