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Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration A quick review… When we eat, we get ______ from glucose and other sugars Food energy is c_______ into usable energy Energy used to bond phosphate groups to ADP to make _____ . Cellular Respiration What is cell respiration??? Respiration: the process of breaking down food molecules into usable energy THE GOAL: Create ATP for cells to use Free up electrons—have high energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) 2 2 34 Cellular Respiration Types of cell respiration Aerobic Processes: REQUIRE oxygen to take place A lot of energy available (efficient) Anaerobic Processes: DO NOT require oxygen to take place Get energy quickly (inefficient) Cellular Respiration 2 2 34 Glycolysis Involves breaking down 6-carbon sugars Break sugars into pyruvic acid molecules This process is ANAEROBIC 3-Carbon molecules No oxygen necessary Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells Glycolysis You will need to know this… Glycolysis Just Kidding… Glycolysis Glycolysis also creates hydrogen ions and free electrons H + ions bond with NAD+ to form NADH + H + The whole point of respiration = high energy NADH carries electrons and H + ions This process uses 2 ATP but creates 4 ATP molecules Glycolysis Glycolysis TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION: Glycolysis Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules Glycolysis Step 2 converts 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP molecules Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every glucose molecule Glycolysis Oxygen is our friend… When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs Happens in the mitochondria Glycolysis Breaking down Pyruvic Acid… Occurs in the mitochondria Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound Broken down into… 2-Carbon compound—acetic acid Carbon Dioxide Glycolysis Intermediate Step in Glycolysis 2-Carbon Compound—Acetic Acid Combined with coenzyme A (CoA) Forms compound called acetyl-CoA This is only an intermediate step—have to move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Glycolysis = 2 ATP Cellular Respiration 2 2 34 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Produces more ATP and releases more electrons Electrons picked up by NAD + and FAD Organic carrier molecules Occurs inside mitochondria Mitochondrial Matrix Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule Citric Acid NAD becomes NADH FADH becomes FADH2 CO2 released ATP is created The cycle starts again Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Citric Acid Cycle = 2 ATP Cellular Respiration 2 2 34 Electron Transport Chain What is the ETC??? A series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy Occurs in the mitochondria— mitochondrial matrix Aerobic process Oxygen is involved Acts as the electron acceptor Electron Transport Chain As the electrons are passed between carrier proteins, energy is released ATP is created Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide Electron Transport Chain ETC = 34 ATP Electron Transport Chain A problem exists if there is no oxygen When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot be removed Anaerobic process Traffic jam in the mitochondria KEY POINT —Electron Transport Chain cannot run without oxygen Anaerobic Respiration If no oxygen present after glycolysis, pyruvic acid can still be broken down This is Fermentation Only 2 ATP made during fermentation Uses electrons carried by NADH + H + so that NAD+ can regenerate for glycolysis Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration **Two types of fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Lactic Acid Alcoholic Fermentation (Yeast) Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Muscle fatigue When your muscle cells require more energy than can be produced Lack of oxygen Lactic acid build up = muscle fatigue When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Alcohol Fermentation Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animals Can you think of a bacteria that is used for fermentation??? Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide Anaerobic Respiration Cellular Respiration 2 2 34 Cellular Respiration General Formula C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Often, in attempts to simplify, false paradigms are created. Some textbooks do this when introducing biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis H 2O light CO 2 H 2O C 6 H 12O 6 O 2 WEG WEG light O 2 C 6 H 12O 6 CO 2 Respiration H 2O C 6 H 12O 6 O 2 H 2O ATP CO 2 C 6 H 12O 6 O 2 ATP CO 2