Download EOC Review #3 - christophersonbiology

Wake-up
1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
2. Explain what would happen to a clown fish
(Nemo from the ocean) if it was placed in
freshwater.
3. What is #2 an example of, hypertonic or
hypotonic? Explain.
EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis,
Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis,
and Protein synthesis
Christopherson
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis I
Photosynthesis Function
To produce
glucose
(food) for
producers
The formula
for glucose:
C6H12O6
Photosynthesis: How?
Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon
dioxide and water to make glucose
Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis:
Plants
Bacteria
Protists – ex/ Green Algae
Photosynthesis: Location
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll: Pigment
Producer
Leaf
Leaf Cross-section
Pigments
Found inside
the thylakoid
Absorb sunlight
energy and give
plants their
color.
Photosynthesis Summative Equation
(Formula)
Sunlight Energy
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants
What is needed
Products
What is produced
Cell Respiration I: ATP and
Anaerobic Respiration
Christopherson
Purpose of Cell Respiration
The process in which glucose (food) is broken
down into ATP (usable energy)
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
ATP
Nucleic Acid Function
Usable form of energy (ATP)
Cell Respiration Summative
Equation (Formula)
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP
Reactants
Need?
Products
Produced?
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen
present
Organisms that
undergo
Anaerobic
Respiration:
All living things
Anaerobic (Complex Organisms)
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and ATP.
The pyruvate is then moved to the mitochondria
for AEROBIC RESPIRATION to make more ATP.
C-C-C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
(To the mitochondria)
(ATP)
C6H12O6
C-C-C-C-C-C
Anaerobic (Simple Organisms)
FERMENATATION: Breaking down pyruvate into
waste (trash)
C-C-C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
(ATP)
C6H12O6
C-C-C-C-C-C
(Fermentation)
Lactic Acid and
Alcohol
Breaking down of Pyruvate
Simple Organisms
Bacteria
Yeast
Type of Fermentation
Lactic acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation: Explanation
Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid;
a waste product
Type of Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation: Explanation
Pyruvate is broken down into ethanol
(alcohol) and carbon dioxide
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs with oxygen
present
Organisms
that undergo
Aerobic
Respiration:
Complex
Organisms
(Everything BUT
Bacteria and Yeast)
Location
Mitochondria: Breaks down sugar into
ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse
of the cell
Aerobic Respiration: Process
1. A consumer/producer takes in oxygen through
respiration
O2
C-C-C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
Aerobic Respiration: Process
2. A carbon is broken off of pyruvate; combines with
O2 and leaves as CO2
O2
CO2
C-C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
Aerobic Respiration: Process
3. Pyruvate is stored energy (from sun); when break
off a carbon; ATP is created
O2
CO2
C-C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
Aerobic Respiration: Process
4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY
ATP’s are created
O2
O2
CO2
C and C-C-C
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP
CO2
Aerobic Respiration: Process
4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY
ATP’s are created
O2
O2
O2
CO2
C-C-C
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
CO2
CO2
Aerobic Respiration: Process
4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY
ATP’s are created
O2
O2
O2
O2
CO2
C-C
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP ATP
CO2
CO2
CO2
Aerobic Respiration: Process
4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY
ATP’s are created
O2
O2
O2
O 2 O2
CO2
C
Pyruvate ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Aerobic Respiration: Process
4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY
ATP’s are created
O2
O2
O2
O2
O 2 O2
CO2
ATP ATP
ATP ATP ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
ATP
ATP ATP
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Which process produces the MOST ATP?
Anaerobic (Glycolysis) or Aerobic
Respiration?
DNA Structure and Discovery
Christopherson
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
DNA is a Nucleic
Acid
Monomer:
Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide
1. Phosphate
2.
Deoxyribose
a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
3. Nitrogen
Base
Structure of DNA – aka Double Helix
Steps; Rungs
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen
Base
Hydrogen Bond
Handles;
DNA
Backbone
Phosphate
Matching Strands of DNA
Remember that A=T and G=C
ATGCTTACATGCTACTTAAC
TACGAATGTACGATGAATTG
What is a GENE?
Cook book for
everything in our
body
Portion of the DNA
that “codes” (has
the directions) for a
specific trait.
Where is a Gene?
•Within DNA
•The nitrogen
bases spell out
the
instructions
RNA
Ribonucleic
Acid
Make up of
Nucleotides
Contains
Phosphorus
RNA Nucleotide
A
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
C
B
Ribose
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
How is DNA different from RNA?
DNA versus RNA: # of Strands
2 strands
1 strand
DNA versus RNA: Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine
DNA
Adenine
Thymine
RNA
Adenine
Uracil
What are the types of RNA?
mRNA Function
Copy a message from a gene on DNA
DNA
mRNA
tRNA Function
Carries amino acids to mRNA
mRNA
Brief summary of Protein synthesis
A protein is
made from a
gene on DNA
Brief Summary of Transcription
Make
mRNA from
a gene on
DNA
Transcription Animation #2
Transcribe the following
DNA
TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT
AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA
mRNA
Location of Translation
Ribosome
Brief Summary of Translation
Make a
protein
from mRNA
Translation Animation #1
TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT
DNA
AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA
mRNA
Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP
Amino Acid
Mutations
Mutations
What is a mutation?
Change in the DNA
nitrogen base
sequence of a gene
How do Mutations Occur?
Damaged DNA
caused by
agents such as
sunlight,
smoke,
radiation; It
can also be
inherited
Category of Mutation: Point
Change in one base of the DNA sequence.
Original:
The fat cat ate the
wee rat
Point mutation:
The fat hat ate the
wee rat
Example of Point Mutation: Sickle
Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation
Category of Mutation: Frameshift
Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting
in a different sequence of DNA.
Original:
The fat cat ate the
wee rat
Frameshift mutation:
The fat ata tet hew
eer at
Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation
Cell Cycle Summary
What is a Body Cell?
All the cells that
make up the
“body” of an
organism.
Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human
Body Cell
Purpose of the Cell Cycle
To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction
Location of the Cell Cycle
Within an organisms body cells
1st Step of the Cell Cycle
Interphase:
Cell prepares
to divide by
making more
organelles and
cytoplasm (G1
and G2);
Replicates DNA
(S)
2nd Step of the Cell Cycle
Mitosis: The
replicated DNA
is separated
Made up of
PMAT
Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase
3rd Step of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and
cytoplasm into the new cell
End Result of the Cell Cycle
Two identical cells with the same number of
chromosomes
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
If an organism
has 50
chromosomes
and it undergoes
mitosis, how
many
chromosomes
will be present in
the new cells?
If an organisms diploid number chromosome
is 100, how many chromosomes will be
present in the new cells?