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Aims for lesson:
Introduce Energy Systems
Understand how they are linked/required for sporting
performance
Distinguish the main nutrients that supply energy systems
Understand the role of ATP
Understand the ATP energy system
Energy Systems
for Exercise
The human body is made to move
in many ways:
• Quick and powerful
• Graceful & coordinated
• Sustained for many hours
And is dependent upon the capacity to
produce energy
We have a great amount of
diversity
• Quick movements-lasts a few seconds
• Reduced speed-lasts for several minutes
• Reduced intensity(50%)-lasts for several
hours
The body uses different energy systems for
each activity
Cells in the body need energy to
function
FOOD=ENERGY (E)
Cells don’t get Energy directly from
food, it must be broken down into:
ATP-Adenosine TRIphosphate
ATP = a form of energy one can
immediately use, it is needed for
cells to function & muscles to
contract
Nutrients that give us energy:
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Digestion
Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino Acids
Absorbed into the blood & transported to cells
(muscle, liver & nerve)
They are used to produce ATP or stored
Carbohydrates




Broken down to Glucose – energy source for resynthesis
of ATP
Extra is stored in muscle and liver as GLYCOGEN
Once stores are full, Glycogen converted to ‘fat droplets’
– stored in Adipose tissue
Glycogen also source of ATP – easily/quickly broken
down into Glucose
Fats



Glycerol and Fatty Acids formed during digestion of fat –
can be used directly from blood
MOST are stored as TRIGLYCERIDES in adipose tissue
Glycerol can be converted to glucose – this happens
when diet lacks Carbohydrates OR when glycogen stores
are depleted
Amino Acids

Breakdown products of protein digestion

Excess Amino Acids can NOT be stored

Broken down by liver – nitrogen containing part of
molecule excreted as Urea

Remaining part
converted into glucose

10% energy demands met through protein breakdown
ATP is stored in small amounts, therefore
the rest is stored as:
•Glucose = Glycogen (muscle & liver)
•Fatty Acids = Body fat
•Amino Acids = Growth, repair or excreted
as waste
Predominant Energy Pathways
•ATP (2-3 seconds)
•ATP-PC Energy System (8-10 seconds)
•Anaerobic Energy System (2-3 minutes)
•Aerobic Energy System (3 minutes +)
0 sec
4 sec
10 sec
1.5 min
3 min +
Strength – Power:
power lift, shot put, golf swing
Sustained Power:
sprints, fast breaks, football
Anaerobic Power – Endurance:
200-400 m dash, 100 m swim
Aerobic Endurance:
Beyond 800 m run
Immediate/short-term
non-oxidative systems
Aerobic-oxidative
system
ATP-CP Energy System
ATP is stored in the muscle & liver for “Quick
Energy”
• Nerve impulses trigger breakdown of ATP into ADP
• ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate & 1 Phosphate
• The splitting of the Phosphate bond = Energy for
work
Ex. Muscle Contraction, Moving hand from a hot
stove, Jumping & Throwing
The ATP Molecule
a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine
P
P
P
b. The breakdown of ATP:
Adenosine
P
Energy
P
Energy for cellular function
ATP = ADP + energy for biological work + P
(ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate)
P
For contractions to continue… ATP must be
REBUILT
This comes from the splitting of CP (Creatine
Phosphate a Hi energy source, automatic)
When ATP is used – it is rebuilt – as long as
there is CP
Energy released from CP breaking down,
resynthesizes the ADP & P
REMEMBER – only small amounts of ATP are
stored = only 2-3 sec. of Energy
ATP-PC = 8-10 sec. of Energy
The usefulness isn’t the AMOUNT of Energy
but the QUICK & POWERFUL movements
For longer periods of work = The
Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy System must be
utilized
The Immediate Resynthesis of ATP by CP
a. Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Creatine
P
High energy bond
b. CP = Creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP + P
Creatine
P
Energy
c. ADP + energy from CP + P = ATP (reversal of ATP = ADP + P + energy for work)
Adenosine
P
P
P
Lesson 2

Recap on ATP-PC system introduced last lesson

‘Lucky Dip’ - tell us what you know!

EXAM Questions …..!?

What is the Lactic Acid System/Anaerobic Glycolysis

How does it work?

Impact on Sporting performance
Practice Exam Questions
Jan 03, (iii)Q3
Sprinters stop accelerating at 7-8 seconds into a 100-metre race. In
terms of energy systems, why does this occur?
(2marks)
Answers:
-
ATP is the principle energy source
PC is required to resynthesise ATP
As PC is used up, performance deteriorates
Transfer to Lactic Acid system
Lactic Acid system provides energy more slowly/rebuilds ATP more
slowly
Jan 05, Q4 (ii)
• Figure 2 shows a Velocity/time graph for an elite 100m
runner.
What is happening to the sprinter between 6 and 11
seconds? Explain why this occurs?
(3 marks)
Answers:
DEceleration/decrease in velocity (NOT slowing down)
Lack of ATP
CP breakdown to ATP slowing
Due to lack of stored PC
Transfer to slower lactic acid/alactic/anaerobic system
Jan 03, Q 5 c
•
i)
ii)
iii)
Identify the principle energy source for each of the following
activity cycles in these types of physical activities:
Walking
Sprinting
Jogging
Answers:
Walking - free fatty acids
Sprinting – muscle glycogen/ATP/Carbohydrates/PC
Jogging – mixture of fatty acids and muscle
glycogen/fats/carbohydrates
Anaerobic Energy System
• Anaerobic Glycolysis = Production of ATP from
Carbohydrates (breakdown of Glucose/Glycogen)
• Activities that require a large burst of energy over a
short period of time
• An absence of OXYGEN
• Therefore chemical reactions taking place in the
Sarcoplasm (Anaerobic respiration)
System provides ATP when ATP-CP runs out
ATP-CP lasts for a few seconds, whereas:
Anaerobic Energy System allows for 2-3 minutes of aerobic
activity
Since glycogen is stored in the muscle & liver, it is still
available, relatively quickly
During this process Glycogen is broken down into Pyruvic
Acid – this causes the release of energy to resynthesise 2
ATP molecules
1. The process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATPCP,
muscle contraction slower
2. When oxygen is not present the end product of
glycolysis is lactic acid, which causes the
muscles to fatigue (P.A is converted, when
insufficient Oxygen)
3. Anaerobic Glycolysis is less efficient in producing
ATP than Aerobic Glycolysis, BUT is needed for a
large burst of energy lasting a few minutes
Glucose/Glycogen
ATP
Glucose-6-Phosphate
2ATP
Pyruvic Acid
(Absence of Oxygen)
Lactic Acid
Sporting Example: 400m Hurdles

Anaerobic Glycolysis = predominant energy pathway

Insufficient O2 = Pyruvic Acid converted to LA

LA causes muscle fatigue

Interval training improves bodys’ glycolytic capacity
Without Oxygen
Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA
(digested component of carbohydrates)
Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA
(the storage form of glucose)
With Oxygen
Glucose + O2 = 36ATP + H2O + CO2
Fatty Acids + O2 = 129ATP
Body Fat is a great source of ENERGY
Oxygen Deficit = The body can not supply
enough O2 to the muscles that the muscles
demand
•When the muscle does not get enough
oxygen, exhaustion is reached causing
immediate and involuntary reduction in
intensity
Oxygen Debt = “pays back” the deficit
recovery time
Aerobic Energy System
• With Oxygen = Using large muscle groups
continuously over a period of time
• Aerobic Glycolisis & Fatty Acid Oxidation =
The production of ATP from Carbohydrates
& Fat
1.O2 enters the system, stopping the
breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid
2.With oxygen, glycogen breaks down
into: ATP + CO2 + H20
3.These byproducts are easier to get rid of
CO2 is expelled by the lungs
H20 is used in the muscle
4.Anaerobic Energy System =
Carbohydrates are the only fuel source
5.With prolonged exercise, Carbohydrates
are the first fuel choice, as exercise
continues, FAT becomes predominant
6.Protein is not a main fuel source except
in an emergency
•Each system plays an important role in
energy production
•This gives us a variety of movements
•The systems interact to supply Energy for
the activity
Examples
Anaerobic
70-80% Anaerobic
Aerobic
20-30% Aerobic
Wt. Training
Stop & Go Sports
Jogging
Gymnastics
Tennis
Marathons
Football
Soccer
Cycling
Baseball
Field Hockey
Aerobic Dance