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Classification 1 Species of Organisms •There are 13 billion known species of organisms •This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! •New organisms are still being found and identified 2 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms 3 Benefits of Classifying •organisms Accurately & uniformly names •starfish Prevents misnomers such as & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names • Sea”horse”?? 4 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names 5 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists 6 Early Taxonomists •2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers • • 7 Early Taxonomists •John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant • 8 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 • 18th century taxonomist • Classified • organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today 9 Carolus Linnaeus •Called the “Father of Taxonomy” •Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) • 10 Standardized Naming •Binomial nomenclature used •Genus species •Latin or Greek •Italicized in print •Capitalize genus, but NOT species •Underline when Turdus migratorius writing American Robin 11 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 12 Rules for Naming Organisms • The International Code for • • Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names 13 Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a • • category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species 14 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species Most Specific 15 Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! 16 17 Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Two domains • Prokarya are unicellular • prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membranebound organelles 18 The Domain Prokarya is divided into two Kingdoms: •Eubacteria(true bacteria) •Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria) Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms •Protista (protozoans, algae…) •Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) •Plantae (multicellular plants) •Animalia (multicellular animals) 20 Protista •Most are unicellular •Some are multicellular •Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic •Aquatic •Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi. Ex. Paramecium, amoeba, alga,euglena • 21 • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs Fungi (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin • •Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food. Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil. • Ex. Mushrooms, molds, yeast 22 Plantae •Multicellular •Autotrophic •Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis •Cell walls made of cellulose •With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Ex. Trees, shrubs, flowers, mosses, ferns • 23 • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs • • Animalia (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. • ex. lions, tigers and bears 24 Eubacteria: Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. Eubacteria: cont They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different. Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throat! Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria In 1983, scientists tool samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. To their surprise they discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments. Finding Archaebacteria: The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaebacteria were discovered. The biologists pictured above are immersing microscope slides in the boiling pool onto which some archaebacteria might be captured for study. 30 Taxons •Most genera contain a number of similar species •The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships • 31 32 Basis for Modern Taxonomy •Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins • • 33 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. 34 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 35 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales 36 Primate Cladogram 37 Dichotomous Keying •Used to identify organisms •Characteristics given in pairs •Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism 38 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Tentacles present – Go to 2 Tentacles absent – Go to 3 Eight Tentacles – Octopus More than 8 tentacles – 3 Tentacles hang down – go to 4 Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 39 40