Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download RACC BIO Organic Molecules
Transcript
Organic Molecules L.E.Q. What are the four main biological molecules? The Chemistry of Living Things Organic compounds – contain Carbon And Hydrogen Inorganic compounds – do not Carbon is an ideal Building Block Carbon is able to bond to itself and other elements to form large molecules. Importance of Carbon It has one electron in each valence shell Makes it very good for bonding It can form large stable molecules Form single, double and triple bonds Organic molecules are usually large. How are they made? Monomer – a small, repeating unit (molecule) Polymer – many monomers bonded together. Macromolecule. A large molecule How do Monomers form Polymers? Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration means to take water out When monomers bond together they lose a water molecule Since many organic molecules have the elements oxygen and hydrogen in them, this isn’t hard to do. How do you break down Macromolecules? Hydrolysis Hydro – water lysis – break Breaking of a bond in a molecule using water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY Time 4:30 Functional Groups the 6 main ones for Bio Attach themselves to this long carbon chain Gives the molecule its “function” Act as the active part of the molecule Examples The 4 Types of Biological (Organic) Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbohydrates Structure (contain what elements?) C, H, and O They are found in a ratio of 1C : 2H : 1O Carbohydrate – Functional Group Many Hydroxyl with a carbonyl Monomer of Carbohydrates (or the Building Blocks) Monosaccharide Single sugars (one molecule) Examples are glucose, galactose and fructose (C6H12O6) glucose Found in plants and animals Carbohydrates- What is their Function? Primary Energy Source (mono and di- saccharides) Glucose is a simple sugar that our body uses as its main source of fuel Easily absorbed in blood stream Carbohydrates – Disaccharides Complex sugars Double Sugar Made of two monosaccharides Most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose+fructose) Found in plant sap We use it to make table sugar Sucrose and maltose Lactose is the sugar present in milk. Carbohydrates- What is their Function? Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Made up of many monosaccharides or disaccharides. Example: Starch o Broken down throughout the day o Plants store food in the form of starch Carbohydrates- What is their Function? Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Another Example Glycogen o Humans store glycogen in their liver. o This can be converted to energy when needed Carbohydrates- What is their Function? Structural - Polysaccharides – serves as building material in plants and other organisms. EXAMPLES Cellulose building material of plant cell walls Chitin Forms cell walls in fungi (mushrooms) and the exoskeleton of arthropods Lipids Often known as Fats Provide energy and the surrounding to cell membranes Important component of the molecule is the hydrocarbon tails Makes up the “fatty acid” portion of the molecule When bonds are broken, it releases energy Lipids Many Lipids are NOT soluble in water. Meaning – they do not dissolve in water They are non-polar molecules. • Remember water is polar, so other polar molecules will dissolve in water Oil and water don’t mix Groups of Lipids- Triglycerides Function -Store Energy Made up of a glycerol attached to three fatty acid chains Triglcerides Energy reserves carbohydrates give short term energy storage (carbs can be turned into fats) Triglycerides give LONG term energy storage Protective cushion and insulator Source of energy in hibernating animals Types of Triglycerides Saturated Lipids: every carbon atom contains the most # of hydrogens that it can. Contained in animal products. Solid at room temp. Unsaturated Lipids: there is at least 1 double bond bet. carbon atoms. Plant oils. Liquid at room temp. FYI – Trans Fats Groups of Lipids - Phospholipids Structure Two fatty acid chains A “head” with a phosphate group The head is polar, so it is hydrophilic Groups of Lipids - Phospholipids Function as parts of cell membranes form the bilayer that make up cell membranes. Serves as a boundary between the cell and the environment Are soluble in water Groups of Lipids - Steroids Structure Ringed hydrocarbons with a methyl group This example is Cholesterol (the one you should be most familiar with) Groups of Lipids - Steroids Include Cholesterol and Sex Hormones Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and helps keep them fluid Sex hormones include testosterone and estrogen Waxes In nature can be waxes produced by plants as a barrier to water Also beeswax All are hydrophobic Nucleic Acids- Function Carries Genetic information Examples are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) Gene expression and regulation Nucleic Acid –Structure Made up of Nucleotides These monomers are repeated many times Each Nucleotide consists of 5-Carbon sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogen containing Base Contains C, H, N, O, and P Nucleic Acid –Structure The Sugar Pentose Sugars Notice the Hydroxyl Groups Deoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group, hence the name Nucleic Acid –Structure-The Base The nitrogen bases each contain an amino group (NH2) Adenine and Guanine are known as Purines They are double ringed structures Cytosine and Thymine and Uracil are known as Pyrimidines They are single ringed structures Proteins a.k.a. Polypeptides Structure Monomers (Building Blocks) Amino Acids Functional groups Amino group Carboxyl group Consists of C, H, O, and N Proteins- Structure (side chains, the “R” group) There are 20 different amino acids Each contains a carboxyl group and an amino group Each side chain is different. (colored) Protein Structure a) Primary – the sequence of the amino acids b) Secondary- the forming of hydrogen bonds a) NOTE: secondary structure involves the hydrogen bonding. That is what creates the alpha helix. Which forms coils or the beta pleated sheet (which are “flat”) c) Tertiary – the three dimensional structure d) Quaternary – three dimensional structure when the protein has multiple units Protein - Functions Do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs Protein - Functions Structural proteins – for support Making webs. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns and feathers Storage proteins Egg white is the amino acid source for the developing embryo Plants have storage proteins in their seeds Transport Proteins Hemoglobin, transports oxygen in the blood. Hormonal proteins Insulin helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood Defensive proteins Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses Enzymatic Proteins are probably the most important type of protein Enzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up chemical reactions. Protein -Function ENZYMES proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions Catalyst – a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate. The enzyme is not consumed in the reaction and can be used over and over. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4 Protein - Enzymes How Enzymes Function Substrate – the “reactants” . These bind to the enzyme Active Site – where the “reactants” bind to the enzyme Products – what is formed during the reaction There are many different enzymes, but each one will only fit one substrate. Like a lock and key. Active site The enzyme speeds up the reaction and forms the Products. Protein – Enzyme Functions Enzymes require specific conditions to function normally Factors that affect enzyme function Heat pH If it gets too hot, or the pH changes, then the structure of the enzyme is affected and the reaction can’t take place. The enzyme is Denatured The shape of the enzyme is changed
