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BIOMOLECULES The chemicals of life TERMINOLOGY MONOMER – A single or simple piece – EX: glucose POLYMER – Many pieces put together – EX: starch DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Putting monomers together to form polymers using chemical bonds. Involves the loss of a water molecule. Dehydration = loss of water Synthesis = put together HYDROLYSIS Breaking apart polymers by adding a water molecule. Hydro = water Lysis = split CARBOHYDRATES Sugars and starches “saccharides” – Three types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides MONOSACCHARIDES Mono = single Saccharide = sugar GLUCOSE – Base unit for starch, cellulose and glycogen – C6H12O6 – Blood sugar MONOSACCHARIDES GALACTOSE – Sugar found in milk FRUCTOSE – Sugar found in honey DISACCHARIDES Double sugar Two monosaccharides bonded together C12H22O11 sucrose DISACCHARIDES SUCROSE – Glucose + Fructose – Table sugar LACTOSE – Glucose + Galactose – Milk sugar MALTOSE – Glucose + glucose – Sugar in beer POLYSACCHARIDES Poly = many Many simple sugars chemically bonded together STARCH – Long strands of glucose – Storage molecule for plants – EX: Potatoes POLYSACCHARIDES GLYCOGEN – Strands of glucose Shorter than starch – Storage molecule for animals CELLULOSE – Long strands of glucose – Found in wood, paper and cotton – Found in the cell walls of plants POLYSACCHARIDES PROTEINS Long strands of amino acids – Approximately 20 different amino acids Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis (water loss) to form peptide bonds POLYPEPTIDE = chain of amino acids = protein PROTEIN = many polypeptides LIPIDS Fats Hydrophobic Fats and oils are composed of two kinds of molecules – Glycerol – Fatty acids – 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Triglyceride LIPIDS SATURATED FATS – From animal sources – All single bonds in tail – Solid at room temperature UNSATURATED FATS – – – – – Oils From vegetable or plant sources Carbon double-bonded in tail, kinked Fewer H in tail Liquid at room temperature NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA – Genetic material of organism – “Blueprint” – Found in cell nuclei RNA – Functions in protein production DNA NUCLEIC ACIDS MONOMER = nucleotides Nucleotide = phosphate + 5-carbon sugar + nitrogen base DNA 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose RNA 5-carbon sugar = ribose METABOLISM The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism CATABOLISM – Breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones. ANABOLISM – Building more complex molecules from smaller. ENZYMES Usually end with –ase Protein Lock and key mechanism Each enzyme fits with a specific substrate Name usually corresponds with molecule that it breaks apart. SPECIFIC ENZYMES SALIVARY AMYLASE – In saliva – Breaks down starch chemically in the mouth PROTEASE – Breaks down protein in the stomach SUCRASE – Breaks down sucrose LIPASE – Breaks down fat in the small intestine EMULSIFICATION Break down of larger fat molecules into smaller particles. EX: Dish soap emulsifies fats