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Macromolecules Organic VS Inorganic Organic compounds contain carbon and found in living things Exceptions: hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonate HCO3-, carbonates (CO32−)and oxides of carbon (CO or CO2) Monomer Sub units that are strung together to create larger molecules Polymer Large molecule made up of multiple monomers Think Pair Share What would be an analogy you could make to explain the relationship between monomers and polymers? Dehydration Synthesis Reaction that links together monomers Removes a –H from one monomer and a –OH from the other monomer Forms a water molecule H2O Requires energy to build molecules Example: Your liver links glucoses together to form a stable storage molecule called glycogen (aka animal starch) Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose X Hydrolysis Breaks down polymers Breaks a bond between monomers Uses water to add an –H to one monomer and an –OH to the other Releases energy Example – salivary amylase breaks starch into disaccharide sugar in your mouth while you chew Hydrolysis of Sucrose x http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Sucrose Think Pair Share Compare and contrast Hydrolysis and Condensation synthesis. Carbohydrates Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose) Polymers: Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars - sucrose) Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides (starch, cellulose) Names end in -ose Monosaccharides Use: quick energy Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose), milk (Galactose) Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle chloroplast Your brain runs on glucose! Simple sugar foods Disaccharides Use: quick energy Foods: Table sugar (sucrose) Malt sugar (maltose - forms from breakdown of starches including grains) Milk sugar (lactose – think lactose intolerant) Produced by plants storing products of photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle the chloroplast – think maple syrup Complex sugar foods Polysaccharides Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than glucose) and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose) Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber (cellulose indigestible for humans) Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and made by plants into cell walls from glucose made during photosynthesis by the chloroplast Starchy foods Construct a Carbohydrate With a partner use marshmallows and toothpicks to construct the following molecules: 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide (4 glucoses long) Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes) Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3 fatty acid chains Constructing a Triglyceride x Lipids Uses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes (cholesterol and phospholipids), Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the organelle smooth E-R Your body uses it for chemical messengers (steroids), insulation and padding your organs Oils VS Fats Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room temp Oils are stored in seeds of plants Fats are stored under skin or around organs of animals Think Pair Share What types of foods would you eat to avoid a high fat diet? Fatty foods Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons so they do not have all the possible hydrogens Constructing a Lipid With a partner use orange slices, licorice and toothpicks to construct a triglyceride molecule Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different) Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into proteins Amino Acid Structure x 20 different amino acids x Proteins Uses: Structure of body tissues muscles, bones, blood, hair, skin - most of your body Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans Produced by process of protein synthesis in the organelle ribosome (made from recipe in DNA) Folding a Protein x A – amino acid sequence -1st level B/C – amino acids are twisted or folded – 2nd level D – the twisted chain is folded – 3rd level E – multiple chains are arranged together – 4th level (hemoglobin) Think Pair Share What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein? High Protein Foods Construct a Protein With a partner use Fruit Loops and string to construct a polypeptide chain 20 amino acids long. Then fold up your chain to create a protein. Nucleic Acids Elements: C,H,O,N,P Monomers: Nucleotides Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA) and a Nitrogen Base Polymers: DNA, RNA Nucleotide Structure x Nucleic Acids Uses: DNA carry genetic information and recipes to make proteins RNA make proteins and make up ribosomes Produced by process of DNA replication in nucleus from existing DNA x DNA to Protein x