Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Topic: The Science of Life/Chemistry Characteristics of Living Organisms • • • • • • • Organization Cells Response to stimuli Homeostasis Metabolism Growth and development Reproduction • Evolution—not a charac but important Unity in the Diversity of Life • Three Domains of Life ° Bacteria ° Archaea ° Eukarya (contains nuclei) –The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Unity in the Diversity of Life Scientific Method • • Not rigid, order/details may vary 2 types of data: –Quantitative = use #’s –Qualitative = use descriptive words Scientific Method •Collecting observations •Asking questions •Forming hypotheses and making predictions •Confirming predictions (with experiments when needed) •Drawing conclusions Controlled Experiment • • Compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable – keeps all other factors the same Control Group - used for comparison (unchanged), part of controlled exp. Scientific Method –theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data. Scientific Method • Publishing a Paper –Scientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication. –In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper. –Primary source Scientific Method • Models – Explanation supported by data – May be visual, verbal, mathematical • Graphing – Good visual organization – Must contain a Descriptive Title, label both axes and include units ° Dependent variable goes up Y axis Microscopy • • • Magnification: apparent size Resolution: clarity of details Power of Magnification: –Ocular (eyepiece) X Objective = total mag. –Actual size = mag. size /magnification Microscopy Light Microscope • Limited magnification Transmission Electron Microscope (T.E.M.) • • • • Aims a beam of electrons instead of light waves THROUGH a specimen 200,000 times better than the eye Looks at internal structure No living specimens Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) • • • Bounces electrons off specimen's surface No living specimens Look at surface of structure Building Blocks of Matter = CH 2 • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. • Mass is the quantity of matter an object has Atomic Structure Nucleus = protons (+) and neutrons (0) • Electrons (-) = in clouds around the nucleus, at varying energy levels • maximum Atomic Elements The type of atom is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus. • Atomic Number = # protons and # electrons • CHONP = 90% of all living things Atoms Combine to Form: • Elements: substances made of only one type of atom – Coal, diamond, gold • Molecules: two or more atoms bonded together – Oxygen gas, O2, and water, H2 O O C O Atoms Combine to Form: • Compounds: two or more different atoms bonded together of different elements • NaCl (salt) • H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) Ionic Bonding • • Within a molecule: Weaker Bond Results from a transfer of electrons from one atom to another – ions: charged atoms Covalent Bonding • • Within a molecule: STRONG BOND Results from a sharing of electrons between atoms Carbon Atom—Can bond with 4 other elements Hydrogen Bonding • Between molecules: • Results from attraction between N,O and H in different molecules –Weakest single bond: strong when all summed together Polar Covalent Bond STRONGEST BOND • • • Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms results in positive and negative “poles” overall net charge = 0 Found in WATER Chemical Reactions-CH 2 • Reactants go into equation and products come out 6CO2 +12H2O+Sun ----> C6H1206 + 6H2O + 6O2 • Reactants ----> Products Reactions • • Most reactions are reversible Reversible reactions will approach dynamic equilibrium Reactions Absorb or Release Energy • • • Reduction-Oxidation Reactions Energy is often transferred through electrons = redox reaction…happen at the same time Oxidation = LOSS of an electron (becomes a + ion like Na+) Reduction = GAIN of an electron (becomes a negative ion like Cl-) Properties of Water • Unique properties good for living things: –Adhesion and Cohesion allow it to travel up a plant, creating: °Capillary Action –cohesion = water + water –adhesion = water + non water Ionization of Water • • • • In water, O can pull an H off another water molecule Results in OH- (hydroxide ion) and a H+ (hydrogen ion) H+ immediately reacts with another water to form H3O+ (hydronium ion) If # of OH- = # of H3O+ (H+) solution is neutral (pH 7) Acids & Bases • Acids = solution with more H3O+ (H+) than OH–sour & corrosive –acidic • Bases = solution with more OH- than H3O+ –bitter & slippery –Basic or alkaline pH Scale • • • • Compares relative concentration of _ hydronium (H3O+ ) to hydroxide ions (OH ) Ranges 0 to 14 Ends of scale = strong, middle is weak Log scale = each number difference is factor of 10 (ex. 4 has 10X more H3O+ than 5 and 100X more H3O+ than 6) Measuring Acidity Buffers • • Help hold pH constant Most enzymes can only function in a narrow pH range ATP • Adenosine triphosphate – Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups – Cell's chief energy source. The ATP ADP Cycle • Energy input links phosphate to ADP to produce ATP • ATP + catalyst ---> ADP + P + energy • ADP + P + energy ---> ATP (sunlight, chemical energy) Organic Compounds = CH 3 • Compounds that have: – Carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other and to H, O, N, P, S (CHNOPS) Carbon Bonds Functional Groups •Usually found at end of carbon chains or regularly interspersed, influence the properties of the molecules they compose Hydroxyl (COH) slightly hydrophillic Aldehyde (COH) slightly hydrophillic P Ketone (CO) slightly hydrophillic Carboxyl (COOH) Phosphate (PO4) Moderately hydrophillic slightly hydrophillic Monomers to Polymers • Condensation (aka dehydration synthesis) links monomers, produces water • Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart – uses water Carbohydrates =#1 • • • Are sugars Made of C, H, O Can be mono, di, or polysaccharide Carbohydrates (sugars)= #1 Simple sugars = monosaccharide (one) is monomer Ex: glucose, fructose = C6H12O6 Disaccharides • Made from joining 2 mono’s together – Glucose + fructose = Maltose ° Mono + Mono = Di ° Must take out a WATER molecule (H and OH) between each mono to join together to make a DI • • Polysaccharides Storage (3+ monos) (starch=plant, glycogen=animal) Structural support (cellulose, chitin) Saccharide Formation • Condensation links monosaccharides Proteins = #2 • • • • • Made of C, H, O, N Chains of amino acids A.A. = monomer Globular shape Carbon backbone, carboxyl, amine & a functional (R) group Functional Groups Protein Formation • • Condensation makes peptide bonds Water is produced as a result of rxn Proteins Often in complex and unique shapes due to H bonds, temp., solvent etc • Are your hair, Muscles, nails, Enzymes! -Function: provide Protection; run chem rxns • Lipids = #3 (fats, oils, and waxes) • • • Made of C, H, O Made of glycerol and fatty acids (looks like an “E” with long chains of F.A’s Fatty acid = carbon chain + carboxyl unit O C • C C C C C Types of Lipids: – Phospholipid= 2 fatty acids w/ one glycerol – Triglyceride= 3 fatty acids combined w/ one glycerol OH Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) • • LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are insoluble in water (non polar) Fats have 6 times more energy than starch, carry more energy-rich bonds Triglycerides: Saturated Vs. Unsaturated • • Saturated = single bonds ONLY in carbon chain = BAD FATS….will clog up vessels – Carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen (solid at room temp) Unsaturated = double or triple bonds (liquid at room temp)= GOOD FATS…squeeze through more easily Saturated Unsaturated Steroids • Lipids that form into 4 rings – Many are hormones –Cholesterol, testosterone Nucleic Acids = #4 (DNA, RNA) • • • • Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate molecule Store hereditary info. Form the code of life Monomer = nucleotide –sugar, phosphate, base ° L-Shaped Tests Organic Reagent compound Positive result Simple sugar Benedicts Solution Starch Iodine Any color change but blue Purple/Black Protein Biuret Purple Lipid Brown Paper Translucent Activation Energy= Ch 3 • Energy needed by molecules in order to react –Energy needed to start a chemical rxn Enzymes Enzymes • • Reduce amount of activation energy Are biological catalysts in living things speed up chem rxns: – are proteins – Specific shape – Active site: crevice where substrate binds to enzyme during a reaction Enzymes • Need a specific –Temperature –pH • Concentration of enzyme & substrate and ionic conditions are important Are NOT consumed in rxn…are recyclable Is lock and key model or induced fit (into active site) • •