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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College CHAPTER Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 PART A Chemistry Comes Alive Human Blood Collection Bellringer – NOT to turn in Blood is collected from your patient and treated so it will not clot. This blood is placed in a long narrow tube that is placed vertically on a laboratory bench. In an hour, all the blood cells have settled to the bottom of the tube, leaving the rest of the tube filled with a clear, yellowish liquid called plasma. Why did the blood cells settle out of the blood? A. blood is an acidic solution of cells and plasma that sticks to the tube B. blood is a mixture of solids and gases that react with the air C. blood is a solution of Na+ and CL– ions that react to form a precipitate D. blood is a suspension of cells in plasma that settles by gravity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Blood Collection Bellringer – NOT to turn in Blood is collected from your patient and treated so it will not clot. This blood is placed in a long narrow tube that is placed vertically on a laboratory bench. In an hour, all the blood cells have settled to the bottom of the tube, leaving the rest of the tube filled with a clear, yellowish liquid called plasma. Why did the blood cells settle out of the blood? A. blood is an acidic solution of cells and plasma that sticks to the tube B. blood is a mixture of solids and gases that react with the air C. blood is a solution of Na+ and CL– ions that react to form a precipitate D. blood is a suspension of cells in plasma that settles by gravity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space States of matter Solid – has definite shape and volume Liquid – has definite volume, changeable shape Gas – has changeable shape and volume All are important in Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter Elements – unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Atoms –building blocks for each element Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Elements of the Human Body Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesser and Trace Elements of the Human Body Lesser elements make up 3.9% of the body and include: Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe) Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings If given an element, identify if it is… A major element of the body A lesser element of the body A trace element of the body Vitamin Labels Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds Molecule – two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Compound – two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together (water or H2O is an example) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mixtures and Solutions Mixtures – two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded) Example: blood cells in blood Most mixtures can be separated by physical means Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of components Example: electrolytes such as Na+Cl-, K+CL-, etc. Solvent – substance present in greatest amount Solute – substance(s) present in smaller amounts Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Covalent Hydrogen Importance of polar and nonpolar molecules Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions Catalysts – increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed Enzymes = biological catalysts Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry Organic compounds Contain carbon, are covalently bonded, and are often large Inorganic compounds Do not contain carbon Water, salts, and many acids and bases Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts (NaCL, KCL, Na2SO4, etc.) Inorganic compounds Contain cations other than H+ and anions other than OH– Are electrolytes; they conduct electrical currents Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids and Bases Acids release H+ and are therefore proton donors HCl H+ + Cl – Bases release OH– and are proton acceptors NaOH Na+ + OH– Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acid-Base Concentration (pH) Acidic solutions have higher H+ concentration and therefore a lower pH Alkaline solutions have lower H+ concentration and therefore a higher pH Neutral solutions have equal H+ and OH– concentrations Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acid-Base Concentration (pH) Acidic: pH 0–6.99 Basic: pH 7.01–14 Neutral: pH 7.00 Blood has pH ~ 7.4 Most body fluids pH 7.2 – 7.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Buffers Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids Example: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in blood Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in the blood Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bicarbonate Buffer System Removes Acid If blood is too acidic: HLac(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ↔ Lac-(aq) + H2CO3(aq) Lactic Acid + Bicarbonate If blood is too basic (alkaline): H2CO3(aq) ↔ H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) Carbonic Acid Lactate + Carbonic Acid Protons + Bicarbonate Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic Compounds Molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and hence are organic compounds They include 4 important macromolecular biochemical polymers: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids } Be able to identify from descriptions or pictures Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Their major function is to supply a source of cellular food Examples: Monosaccharides or simple sugars Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a Carbohydrates Polysaccharides or polymers of simple sugars Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14c Lipids Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates Examples: Neutral fats or triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutral Fats (Triglycerides) Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.15a Other Lipids Steroids – flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.15c Representative Lipids Found in the Body Neutral fats – found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs Phospholipids – chief component of cell membranes Steroids – cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones Fat-soluble vitamins – vitamins A, E, and K Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids Building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group Amino group NH2 Carboxyl groups COOH Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.16a–c Examples of proteins Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds Peptide bond H H R O N C C OH H Amino acid + H H R O N C C OH H Amino acid Dehydration H O 2 synthesis Hydrolysis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings H H2O H R O H R O N C C N C C H H OH Dipeptide Figure 2.17 Fibrous and Globular Proteins Fibrous proteins Extended and strand-like proteins Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous and Globular Proteins Globular proteins Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures Examples: antibodies, hormones, and enzymes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Enzymes Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze Enzyme names usually end in -ase Lower activation energy of a reaction Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Their structural unit, the nucleotide, is composed of N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Five nitrogen bases contribute to nucleotide structure – adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) Two major classes – DNA and RNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity Provides instructions for protein synthesis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of DNA Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.22b Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Source of immediately usable energy for the cell Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings