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RNA and Protein Synthesis Write these terms in your journal Ribosome — makes proteins RNA polymerase — enzyme that puts together RNA Promoter —the gene on DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins Amino acid — monomers of proteins Polypeptide — protein Genes — sections of DNA that code for something What is RNA? RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Usually single-stranded Monomers are nucleotides (like DNA) Contains base, ribose (sugar), and one phosphate Bases: A, U, C, G ( U = Uracil ) 3 Types of RNA rRNA: ribosomal RNA—makes up ribosome mRNA: messenger RNA—in the nucleus Makes the proteins and works with tRNA The messenger from DNA to rest of the cell tRNA: transfer RNA—in the cytoplasm Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make proteins Protein Synthesis Making proteins 2 main steps: Transcription— “language”. written in same DNA (nucleic acid) to mRNA (nucleic acid) Translation—put in a different “language”. mRNA (nucleic acid) to protein TRANSCRIPTION Cont’d OCCURS IN NUCLEUS (because DNA cannot leave the nucleus!) RNA Bonding Rules (A) Adenine = (U) Uracil (G) Guanine = (C) Cytosine TRANSCRIPTION Cont’d RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, then starts bonding nucleotides to make the RNA strand There is a gene on DNA that codes for RNA polymerase to stop TRANSCRIPTION Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase DNA RNA RNA SPLICING mRNA has to be proofread because parts of it do not code for anything. This process is called RNA splicing. Introns: parts of the mRNA strand that are useless and are taken OUT of the mRNA strand Exons: parts of mRNA that code for proteins and are left IN the mRNA strand CODONS and ANTICODONS Codon: 3 nucleotide sequence of mRNA Anticodon: 3 nucleotide sequence of tRNA that is complimentary to mRNA Example: AUG-CGG (codons) UAC-GCC (anticodons) START CODON: AUG TRANSLATION OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM ON A RIBOSOME “translates” nucleic acids to amino acids mRNA is read by ribosome Ribosome “translates” message (mRNA) to protein tRNA brings corresponding amino acid to ribosome Ribosome bonds amino acids together (peptide bonds) TRANSLATION Cont’d When the amino acid chain lengthens, this is called elongation. Translation stops when the ribosome reads a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) TRANSLATION TRANSLATION DNA BOTH RNA Double strand Nucleotides: Single strand (phosphate, sugar, base) Base: T Bases: A, C, G Base: U Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose DNA polymerase Made by replication Codes for the organism Requires RNA polymerase enzymes to make molecules Hydrogen and covalent bonds Made by transcription Used to make proteins Videos Replication, Transcription, and Translation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSvRq5C3K8&feature=related DNA Translation http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=e ndscreen&v=TfYf_rPWUdY Can you identify the following in this diagram?: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Can you identify the following in this diagram?: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Were you right? rRNA Can you identify the following in this diagram?: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, proteins Can you identify the following in this diagram?: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids, proteins rRNA Were you right?
