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Exam Four material • Assignment due: • Exam Four: • Chapter 20 Urinary • Chapter 21 Balances Kidney • Bean shaped • Retroperitoneal: _ • Near _ Kidney • Renal pelvis: _ – Subdivided into _ • ____________________: project from _ Kidney • Inner region: _ – Contains • Outer region: – Forms _ – Granular appearance _ Kidney Function • _ • Remove ___________________________ from blood • Control ______________________________ by secreting _______________________ • Regulate ____________________________ by enzyme ________________________ • Activates _ Nephron • The ______________________________ of the kidney • Two sections – Renal corpuscle: • • – ________________________________: leads away from the glomerular capsule. Nephron • Renal Tubule: – – • Descending nephron loop • Ascending nephron loop – • Collecting Duct: Juxtaglomerular apparatus • Contains both – • At _________________________, the tubule passes by arterioles, and at some point, ___________________________. This area of cells is the macula densa – Juxtaglomerular cells: _ • JG apparatus: _ Nephrons • Cortical nephron: _ – Short loops that _ • Juxtamedullary nephrons: – Shows both a cortical and Juxtamedullary nephron Urine formation • Main function nephron: – – Remove • Urine • Urine formation involves three processes: – 1. – 2. – 3. Glomerular Filtration • Fluids filtered out of __________________________ (capillaries) and into _ • Glomerular capillaries are _ Glomerular filtration • __________________________________: the _____________________________ that leaves the capillaries and _ – Mostly water • Also contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid and more • Filtration Pressure • _________________________________ responsible for getting material out of capillary and into glomerulus • GFR • Glomerular Filtration Rate • _________________________________ to the filtration pressure Regulation of GFR • Remains relatively constant by autoregulation • If _________________________________ vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles (leading into glomerulus) Regulation of GFR • If ____________________________ __________________________ of afferent arterioles increases filtration pressure Regulation of GFR • Renin-angiotensin system – JG cells ___________________________________ when blood pressure is_ – Macula densa senses _ – When low, _ Renin • Renin enters blood stream • Reacts with plasma protein called • • Renin • Along the _____________________________ is an enzyme called • Angiotensin I in the presence of ACE will become • Angiotensin II • Major effect on the kidneys through the adrenal cortical _ • Aldosterone: _ – ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide • Atrial natriuretic peptide – – Affects _ – ANP increases when _ – Stimulates _ – Increases Tubular Reabsorption • _________________________________. Body needs to pull some substances out of the filtrate, such as _____________________________, and ________________________________ other substances. Tubular reabsorption • • Renal tubule runs alongside Peritubular ____________________ (2) Tubular reabsorption • • Segments of the tubule are adapted to reabsorb specific substances – – Water: through _ Diuresis • Any • • • Called _ Tubular reabsorption – Amino acids: reabsorbed in_________________ by _ – Proteins: Glomerular filtrate has little protein except for small albumins: _ – Also reabsorbs: creatine, lactic, citric, uric and ascorbic acids, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium and sodium Tubular reabsorption • • If more _ • Converse true as well. Tubular reabsorption • The PCT reabsorbs about 70% of water and ions. • By end of PCT the _________________________________: concentration in the __________ is same as concentration in the _ Distal Collecting Tubule • At end of PCT conditions isotonic • At beginning of _________________________________ • ________________________ cells are ________________________ to water. Even if the balance is uneven, _ Antidiuretic hormone • Posterior lobe of _______________________ releases _______________ when body’s water concentrations _ • ADH ________________________________ and water is moved _ • Urine volume Countercurrent system • Countercurrent Multiplier System 1) Each region has a special permeability for water, ions, and/or urea 2) Interstitial spaces accumulate ions and urea to build up a ________________________________ that increases with depth into the medulla Countercurrent system • 3) Parallel to nephrons lies a capillary network which has freely permeable walls. These capillaries passively participate in maintenance of the concentration gradient in the interstitium by removal of reabsorbed _ Tubular Secretion • Substances move from __________________ of capillary to _ – Secretes – – – Urine formation • Glomerular filtration: • Tubular reabsorption: filtrate in tubule sends _ – Glucose, water, etc • Tubular secretion: materials in _ Urine Elimination • • • • • • • Forms in _ Passes into _ Passes into _ Enters _ Enters _ Enters _