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Exam Four material
• Assignment due:
• Exam Four:
• Chapter 20
Urinary
• Chapter 21
Balances
Kidney
• Bean shaped
• Retroperitoneal: _
• Near _
Kidney
• Renal pelvis: _
– Subdivided into _
• ____________________:
project from _
Kidney
• Inner region: _
– Contains
• Outer region:
– Forms _
– Granular appearance _
Kidney Function
• _
• Remove ___________________________
from blood
• Control ______________________________
by secreting _______________________
• Regulate ____________________________
by enzyme ________________________
• Activates _
Nephron
• The ______________________________ of
the kidney
• Two sections
– Renal corpuscle:
•
•
– ________________________________: leads
away from the glomerular capsule.
Nephron
• Renal Tubule:
–
–
• Descending nephron loop
• Ascending nephron loop
–
• Collecting Duct:
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Contains both
–
• At _________________________,
the tubule passes by arterioles, and
at some point,
___________________________.
This area of cells is the macula densa
– Juxtaglomerular cells: _
• JG apparatus: _
Nephrons
• Cortical nephron: _
– Short loops that _
• Juxtamedullary nephrons:
–
Shows both a
cortical and
Juxtamedullary
nephron
Urine formation
• Main function nephron:
–
– Remove
•
Urine
• Urine formation involves three processes:
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
Glomerular Filtration
• Fluids filtered out of
__________________________ (capillaries)
and into _
• Glomerular capillaries are _
Glomerular filtration
• __________________________________:
the _____________________________ that
leaves the capillaries and _
– Mostly water
• Also contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid and
more
•
Filtration Pressure
• _________________________________
responsible for getting material out of
capillary and into glomerulus
•
GFR
• Glomerular Filtration Rate
• _________________________________ to
the filtration pressure
Regulation of GFR
• Remains relatively constant by autoregulation
• If _________________________________
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
(leading into glomerulus) 
Regulation of GFR
• If ____________________________ 
__________________________ of afferent
arterioles  increases filtration pressure 
Regulation of GFR
• Renin-angiotensin system
– JG cells
___________________________________ when
blood pressure is_
– Macula densa senses _
– When low, _
Renin
• Renin enters blood stream
• Reacts with plasma protein called
•
•
Renin
• Along the _____________________________
is an enzyme called
• Angiotensin I in the presence of ACE will
become
•
Angiotensin II
• Major effect on the kidneys through the
adrenal cortical _
• Aldosterone: _
–
ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide
• Atrial natriuretic peptide
–
– Affects _
– ANP increases when _
– Stimulates _
– Increases
Tubular Reabsorption
• _________________________________.
Body needs to pull some substances out of the
filtrate, such as
_____________________________, and
________________________________ other
substances.
Tubular reabsorption
•
• Renal tubule runs alongside
Peritubular
____________________
(2)
Tubular reabsorption
•
• Segments of the tubule are adapted to
reabsorb specific substances
–
– Water: through _
Diuresis
• Any
•
•
• Called _
Tubular reabsorption
– Amino acids: reabsorbed in_________________
by _
– Proteins: Glomerular filtrate has little protein
except for small albumins: _
– Also reabsorbs: creatine, lactic, citric, uric and
ascorbic acids, phosphate, sulfate, calcium,
potassium and sodium
Tubular reabsorption
•
• If more _
• Converse true as well.
Tubular reabsorption
• The PCT reabsorbs about 70% of water and
ions.
• By end of PCT the
_________________________________:
concentration in the __________ is same as
concentration in the _
Distal Collecting Tubule
• At end of PCT conditions isotonic
• At beginning of
_________________________________
• ________________________ cells are
________________________ to water. Even if
the balance is uneven, _
Antidiuretic hormone
• Posterior lobe of _______________________
releases _______________ when body’s
water concentrations _
• ADH ________________________________
and water is moved _
• Urine volume
Countercurrent system
• Countercurrent Multiplier System
1) Each region has a special permeability for water, ions,
and/or urea
2) Interstitial spaces accumulate ions and urea to build up
a ________________________________ that increases
with depth into the medulla
Countercurrent system
• 3) Parallel to nephrons lies a capillary network
which has freely permeable walls. These
capillaries passively participate in
maintenance of the concentration gradient in
the interstitium by removal of reabsorbed _
Tubular Secretion
• Substances move from __________________ of
capillary to _
– Secretes
–
–
–
Urine formation
• Glomerular filtration:
• Tubular reabsorption: filtrate in tubule sends
_
– Glucose, water, etc
• Tubular secretion: materials in _
Urine Elimination
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forms in _
Passes into _
Passes into _
Enters _
Enters _
Enters _