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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Chapter 18: The Chemistry of Heredity Courtesy Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold, Inc. Molecular Genetics © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy Andy Washnik Figure 18.1: (1) Preparing the gelatin. (2) Adding canned pineapple to the liquid gelatin. (3) Adding fresh pineapple to the liquid gelatin. (4) The gelatin mixture does not solidify in the presence of fresh pineapple. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.2: The geometry of a single, double (DNA), and triple (gelatin) helix. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy Leslie Holzer/Photo Researchers Figure 18.3: Gregor Mendel laid the foundation for our understanding of how individual characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited Figure 18.4: A typical animal cell. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy BioPhoto Asoc/Science Source/Photo Researchers Figure 18.5: Chromosomes and DNA (Section 18.6). © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy J. C. Revy/Copyright ISM/Phototake Figure 18.6: Stages in the mitosis of a human cell. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy A. Barrington/Science Source/Photo Researchers Figure 18.7: An early (1953) model of a portion of a DNA molecule, designed and built by James Watson, left, and Francis Crick, right (Section 18.10). © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.8: Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, and phosphoric acid. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.9: The amine bases of DNA. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.10: The combination of 2-deoxyribose, cytosine, and phosphoric acid produces a typical nucleotide. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.11: A typical segment of the DNA chain. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.12: Thymine and uracil. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.13: Hydrogen bonding and the double helix of DNA. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Figure 18.14: DNA replication. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy AP/Wide World Photos Dolly, the first successful clone of an adult mammal. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine Rainbow (left), the cat, and CC (right), the cloned kitten. QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Classify as reversible or irreversible the effects of (a) hot water on the proteins of gelatin, (b) the high temperature canning process on the proteins of bromelin, and (c) the high temperatures of frying on the proteins of egg white. QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Identify a polypeptide produced by the human body that helps ensure the effective nourishment of newly born children. QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Name another chemical, in addition to vitamin C, that is found in much higher concentrations in oranges (and lemons, as well as other citrus fruit) than in apples (See Chapter 10) QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Is red hair classified as a phenotype or a genotype? What term do we give to the carrier of the genetic information that transmits the characteristic of red hair from parent to child? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Based on the limited data of this section, what correlation, if any, appears to exist between the number of chromosomes in the cells of mammals and nonmammals? Of plants and animals? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers What is the full chemical term represented by the letters of DNA? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers How would you define a gene in biological terms? In chemical terms? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers In what way(s) are mRNA and tRNA similar? How do they differ? QUESTION What amino acid does the codon GGC correspond to? © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Why are the two DNA strands of a double helix regarded as complementary rather than identical? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers What is the difference between a gene and a genome? QUESTION © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers What was the first adult mammal to be cloned successfully? When and where did this occur, and how many unsuccessful attempts preceded the first success?