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History of the Earth Chapter 14 Formation of the Earth Where does life come from? Spontaneous generation the belief that living things arise from nonliving things Biogenesis all living things come from other living things Redi’s experiments Spallanzani’s experiments Pasteur’s experiments Redi’s Experiment (1626-1697) Italian physician and poet who demonstrated that the presence of maggots on rotting meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies. Pg. 279 Spallanzani’s Experiments (1729-1799) Italian naturalist whose experiments disproved that microorganisms spontaneously generated from meat broth in open flasks. Pg. 280 Pasteur’s Experiment (1822-1895) A French chemist who proved that microorganisms are carried by dust and not air. Improved on Spallanzani’s experiment Pg. 281 The First Organic Compounds Alexander Oparin’s Hypothesis, 1920’s): Thought that primitive atmosphere contained: NH3, H2, H20, and C-H compounds At high temperatures, these gases might have formed simple organic compounds like amino acids Oparin’s Theory Con’t When the Earth cooled, the water vapor condensed into lakes and seas with the organic compounds within With the help of lightning and UV radiation, these organic compounds reacted with each other forming macromolecules essential to life. Can that REALLY happen? Yes! According to experiments performed by Miller and Urey Products of experimental synthesis: Amino acids ATP DNA nucleotides Attempts to Create Life Miller Experiment Input Chamber Water Vapor Forms Spark Chamber Condenser “It came from outer space!” Some scientists hypothesize that organic compounds may have come from meteoroids from space Microfossil Lab! Earth’s Age More than 4 BILLION years old! How do scientists “know” this? Radiometric dating Measurement of the decay of commonly occurring radioactive isotopes Ex) Carbon dating Fossils The remains of ancient animals and plants Found in every continent on earth Formed from sedimentary rock Paleontology- the branch of biology that studies past forms of life (namely fossils!) Ancient Bat Saber-Toothed Cat The Fossil Record From the 1830s onwards, geologists noted how fossils became more complex through time. The oldest rocks contained no fossils, then came simple sea creatures, then more complex ones like fishes, then came life on land, then reptiles, then mammals, and finally humans. Clearly, there was some kind of 'progress' going on. The First Prokaryotes About 3.5 bya the first prokaryotes, cells without a true nucleus (like bacteria), came into existence. The first cells were probably anaerobic and heterotrophic. Resemble modern day Archaebacteria, which live in extreme enviornments Rise of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration Cyanobacteria- group of unicellular, autotrophic prokaryotes about 3 bya Increased the level of atmospheric oxygen The First Eukaryotes Endosymbiosis- about 2.0 bya, a small aerobic prokaryote began to live inside a larger anaerobic prokaryote aerobic prokaryotes evolved to modern mitochondria Photosynthetic cyanobacteria evolved into chloroplasts Endosymbiosis: Extinction 65 mya Welcome to Discovery Education Player