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Download Organic Molecules aka Macromolecules
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Organic molecules = all molecules made by/used by biotic organisms that contain carbon Basic atoms of organic molecules= C H O NP • 4 Categories of organic molecules =Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids(fats) Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA…) dna-sequencing-service.com Why is carbon required? • Carbon has a valence of 4 and makes 4 bonds (most possible) • This allows for more complex, long chains like organic molecules (DNA etc) • Life is carbon based! Valence of 4 room for 4 more e- newenergyandfuel.com Macromolecules are made by linking together repeated small molecules ex: simple sugars, like glucose….. a MONOMER …to create complex molecules, like starch a POLYMER Monomer/Polymer Analogies Monomer- a small building block molecule Polymer- a long chain made of repeatedly linked subunit molecules Bonding monomers into polymer chains releases water water! This is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Conversely, water is required to break the bonds of a polymer into monomers – this is HYDROLYSIS water! Making & Breaking Polymers Animation Dehydration & Hydrolysis Animation 4 Categories: Protein Polymers Nucleic Acid Polymers Carbohydrate Polymers (aka Polysaccharides) Lipid Polymers (Fats) (aka sugar) Carbs are for short term energy Monosaccharide Aka simple sugar -ose= sugar Ex: glucose, fructose (CH2O)n 1:2:1 Ratio The monomer of all carbohydrates Disaccharide, Aka complex sugar Ex: sucrose, lactose Glucose + fructose Polysaccharides (Complex carbs) ‘many’ sugars Starch storage (plants) ex: cellulose fiber (plants) glycogen (animals) All di- & polysaccarides hydrolysed to monosaccharides in digestion As polymers, all polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates Whole grain carbs contain all the layers of the grain, and so are the most nutritious Refined grains are mostly starch Ex: brown vs white rice Starch Protein Fiber, Vitamins, Minerals Protein Found in: Breads Potatoes Pastas Cereals Lipids Functions • for long term stored energy, • cell membranes, • hormones, • protective coatings, • insulation Found in: meat fat (bacon, sausage) plant oils (olive oil, corn oil) bees wax in TWO monomer types Glycerol monomer Fatty acid monomers More C-H bonds therefore more stored energy Fats = 9kcal/g vs Carbs = 4kcal/g Like carbs, built of C, H, O atoms Most stored under the skin (subcutaneous fat) Saturated fats, every C full with hydrogen (no double bonds) solid at room temp; BAD fats, animal sources Warning: body stores these in blood vessels! Unsaturated (some double bonds-not full of H), liquid at room temp; oils = GOOD fats, plant sources Bent ‘tail’ from double bond Trans Fats are made by hydrogenating unsaturated fats to break the double bonds Proteins Amino acid monomer Formed into long chains – polypeptides Folded and coiled into a specific protein C, H, O, N dehydration synthesis! - there are 21 amino acids - vary in R group -9 ‘essential’ required from diet; body cannot make 4kcal/g converted to energy use when carbs are low Found in foods like…. Meat (fish, chicken, pork, beef =all muscle) Beans, eggs & grains (if whole grain) Proteins are for cellular functions: • growth & repair • cell recognition & defense • molecule transport • movement (muscle) & structural support AND • to facilitate chemical reactions via enzymes the –ase suffix indicates an enzyme! contains lactose – a disaccharide Nucleic Acids 5 Nucleotide Monomers C, H, O, N, P Nucleotide Found in all cells Function to Hold & Process Genetic Info (Ex. DNA & RNA) Link by Dehydration Synthesis! Can twist into DNA
