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Exam November 5 to November 11, 2003 NO CLASS on November 11, 2003! I will be away Nov. 6 through Nov. 14 Exam results will not be posted until late Nov. 17 or early Nov. 18 Emotional Asymmetry Greater activation of right hemisphere associated with negative affect prefrontal cortex amygdala lack of motivation clinical depression greater activation of left PFC associated with positive affect Emotional Asymmetry Greater activation of left hemisphere associated with positive affect left prefrontal cortex increased confidence increased effort to achieve goals negative affective states (i.e., anxiety) may suppress left PFC Emotional Asymmetry In general, right hemisphere associated with: interpretation and comprehension of emotional material (such as faces) emotional tone of speech Stress Fight - or - flight response hypothalamus - pituitary activation hormonal response Tend - and - befriend response General Adaptation Syndrome Read #4 on page 66 General Adaptation Syndrome Coping Strategies Emotion-focused coping designed to prevent emotional response enable functioning when faced with uncontrollable stressor or high level of stress includes avoidance minimizing problem distancing oneself from outcomes inappropriate strategies such as eating and drinking Coping Strategies Problem-Focused Coping when stressor is perceived as controllable usually more effective over the long run typically use both problem- and emotionfocused coping Cognitive Development Cognitive Development Cross-sectional studies differences between age groups (cohorts) cannot assess individual development Longitudinal studies same individuals followed over time Infant Cognitive Development preferential looking orienting reflex pay attention longer to novel stimuli habituation Developmental Neuropsych Relate maturational changes in the brain to age-related behavioural development Prenatal Development Germinal stage first two weeks after conception implantation of zygote in uterine wall Embryonic stage two to eight weeks vital organs such as heart, spine & brain emerge embryo extremely vulnerable at this stage Prenatal Development Fetal Stage growth sex organs start to develop during 3rd month respiratory and digestive systems mature brain cells multiply - myelination Weiten p. 434 Environmental Factors Maternal nutrition (moderate malnutrition) infant apathy and irritability reduced immunity to infections diseases Severe malnutrition birth complications neurological deficits cognitive deficits Environmental Factors Drug Use Tobacco increased risk for miscarriage increased risk for prematurity increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome lower than average cognitive development increased risk for attention deficit disorder Environmental Factors Drug Use Heroin born addicted increased risk for birth defects increased risk for prematurity increased risk for respiratory problems Prenatal alcohol exposure Environmental Factors Drug Use Cocaine born addicted increased risk for birth defects • heart abnormalities • brain seizures Prescription/over-the-counter drugs Michael Newman/PhotoEdit. Michael Newman/PhotoEdit. Michael Newman/PhotoEdit. Conservation Assimilation - Accommodation Cognitive Development Theory of Mind Development of Memory Cognition in Adolescence Ability to think about possibilities future hypotheses metacognition ideals morality politics religion Cognition and Aging 5% incurable dementia 10 - 15% mild to moderate memory loss 25% of those over 85 suffer from Alzheimer’s Cognition and Aging Processing speed Attention Working memory encoding strategies Aging and Mental Abilities Aging and Mental Abilities Circadian Rhythm Influence Aging and Intelligence
