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Definition
A food supplement, also known as dietary supplement or
nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to
provide nutrients that are missing or are not consumed in
sufficient quantity in a person's diet.
 Marketed as pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses.
Essential organic nutrients: that promote energy for living
organisms requiring them are:
- Amino acids (the precursors of protein)
- Fatty acids
- Carbohydrates.
- Purine and pyrimidine and their derivatives (precursors
of nucleic acids).
- Vitamins.
Essential inorganic nutrients that promote the growth and
maintenance of living organisms such as:
boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium,
potassium, selenium and zinc
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All nutrients required for human life work interdependently
in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning.
E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of
magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly.
An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium
deficiency.
Do YOU
Need a Dietary Supplement?
When You May Need a Dietary
Supplement
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You eat a very low-calorie diet
You eat an all-plant diet (vegan)
You are in a certain stage of the life cycle (e.g., a
pregnant, breastfeeding)
Your doctor may prescribe a supplement for you if:
 You have a disease, infection, or injury or recently
had surgery
 You have a nutritional deficiency
 You are taking medications that interfere with
your body’s use of specific nutrients

Dietary supplement would include:
■ Vitamins (e.g.: Vitamin B6, Niacin,Vitamin C)
■ Minerals (e.g.: Calcium and Iron)
■ Amino acid (e.g.: Tyrosine, Creatine,
L-tryptophan, Phenylalanine)
■ Herbals

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises caution with
amino acid supplements.
E.g.: L-tryptophan and phenylalanine in dietary supplement
caused potential risks for:
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Pregnant women.
Infants.
Children.
Adolescents.
Elderly.
Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Individuals with certain diseases.

Eosinophilia-myelgia syndrome (EMS) was associated with
the ingestion of L-tryptophan in a dietary supplement.

EMS is a systemic connective tissue disease characterized by:
- Severe muscle pain
- Increase in white blood cells
- Certain skin and neuromuscular manifestations.
 People with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic condition,
when ingest too much phenylalanine, serious problems could
occur, especially brain and mental problems in children.
Herbs

Combining herbals with medicines can result in an adverse
reaction where "double-dosing" can occur or a worsening
of symptoms in those with a chronic medical condition.
Some of the fastest growing herbal categories include the
following:
 Herbals that increase circulation (Ginko biloba)
 Herbals used for calmative effect (Kava kava, Valerian,
Chamomile)
 Herbals to lessen a cold flu symptoms and boost immunity
(Echinacea, Goldenseal)
 Herbs for mild depression (St. John's Wort ).
 Herbs for inflammation (Curcuma domestica).
 Herbs for lowering cholesterol (Allium sativum).
 Herbs to treat hypertension (Valariana officinalis, Panax
ginseng)
Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:

Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals
be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).

Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.

Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant:
- Avoid taking supplements of garlic, ginko biloba, ginger,
while taking the blood thinner Coumadin® as these
herbs can further prolong clotting times.

Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking
with the child's pediatrician.

Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths
have been associated with its use.

Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA
to issue a health advisory:
St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the
body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral
contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs
that fight HIV.
Possible Side Effects of Supplement Use
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Dehydration
Nervousness and Dizziness
Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Heart Attack
Seizures
Psychosis
Death
Interaction with medications
Supplements to Avoid

Steroids and Steroid-Enhancers
 Linked to liver toxicity and increased risk of heart
attack.

Kava Kava
 Linked to liver damage
 Banned in European countries and Canada

St Johns Wort
 Interferes with a huge number of medications
Dietary Supplements D/S
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health Education Act)

DSHEA defines a dietary supplement as any product that
contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or amino acid and that
is intended as a supplement to the normal diet.

Distinguished from Drugs:
 Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical
studies to determine effectiveness and safety
 D/S = no pre-market testing
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DSHEA authorized to provide accurate information to
consumers and the label must include:
 Name of each ingredient
 Quantity of each ingredient
 Total weight of all ingredient if a blend
 Identity of part of plant derived from
 Term “Dietary Supplement”
Statements may be included on the label that give the
manufacturers description of the role of the D/S
 Not authorized by FDA
Food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink
to change its color.
Purpose of food coloring
- Offsetting color loss due to light, air, extremes of temp.,
moisture, and storage conditions.
- Enhancing naturally occurring colors.
- Decorative purposes.
Natural food dyes
• Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar,
used in cola products and also in cosmetics.
• Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye
made from the seed of the Achiote.
• Turmeric (curcuminoids, E100)
• Saffron (carotenoids, E160a)
• Paprika (E160c)
Side effects of coloring agents
• A great deal of research finds definite connections between
behavioral problems and hyperactivity in children.
• Other effects on health from food dyes are allergies, headache,
asthma, fatigue, nausea, concentration problems, agitation and
nervousness.
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