Download BIOL 103 Chapter 3-2 for Students

Complementary Nutrition:
Functional Foods and Dietary
Supplements
BIOL 103, Chapter 3
(Part 2)
Today’s Topics
• Dietary Supplements:
– Vitamins and Minerals
– Natural Health Products
– Regulations and Claims
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and
Minerals
• Various forms of dietary supplements:
– Examples: Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs,
glandular extracts, enzymes, etc.
• 2 levels of vitamin and mineral supplementation:
– Moderate doses:
• Similar amount to eating a nutrient-rich diet
– Megadoses:
• Amount high enough that it cannot be reached by diet alone
Who should seek moderate
supplementation?
• Those with increased
nutrient needs and/or
poor intake include:
Who should seek moderate
supplementation?
• Those with increased nutrient needs and/or
poor intake (cont.):
– Infants
– Others
When looking for moderate
supplementation…
• If you are looking for
moderate
supplementation:
1. Look for brands that
contain at least ____
____________________
2. No more than______
__________________
_____________________
Megadoses in Conventional Medical
Management
• Situations in which doctors are likely to prescribe
megadoses:
• A vitamin at megadose levels can have
• In general, there is not yet enough scientific evidence to
prove that vitamins/minerals supplementation are solid
forms of treatment.
Megadosing Beyond Conventional
Medicine: Orthomolecular Nutrition
• Orthomolecular
medicine:
– Linus Pauling, 1968
– Achieving the “optimal
nutrition” levels in the
body by…
• Q: Does consuming a lot
of Vitamin C prevent cold?
Drawbacks of Megadoses
1.
2.
3.
•
In general, more
dangerous to megadose
with minerals than
vitamins
Dietary Supplements: Natural Health
Products
• Natural health products
– Used in __________________________________
– ________________________________________
• All foods are made up of _________________
components
– Advertisements use“100% Natural” (2nd highest claim
on food labels, 2008).
– The general American consumer believes that natural
foods are more “wholesome, nutritious, and healthy.”
• Traditional Herbalists vs. Conventional Medicine
Helpful Herbs, Harmful Herbs
• NCCAM and NIH mission: to investigate using
science to make sure herbs, herbal therapy
and related practices are safe and healthy
• Main idea:
Other Dietary Supplements
• Presently, there are more than just
vitamins, minerals…now it includes:
– Protein powders, amino acids,
carotenoids, bioflavonoids [naturally
occurring plant chemicals (esp from
citrus fruits) that reduce the
permeability and fragility of capillaries],
digestive aids, fatty acid formulas and
special fats, algae, garlic products, etc.
• Some supplement producers add
dietary supplements with herbs and
nutrients  more complications in
advertising and labeling
Dietary Supplement in the
Marketplace
• Manufacturers _________________________
_____________________________________
_
– Thus, they are allowed to to a wide variety of
claims for product effects
• Examples of advertising:
FTC and Supplement Advertising
• FTC (Federal Trade Commission) is responsible
for ensuring that advertisements and
commercials are truthful and do not mislead.
– in the US Department of Commerce
– Depends on______________________________
_________________________________________
• FTC’s “Operation and Cure All” –
FDA and Supplement Regulation
• FDA has primary responsibility for regulating
labeling and content of dietary supplements
under
• So how do you know if it’s a dietary
supplement?
– Dietary supplements:
The FDA and Supplement Regulation
• Dietary supplements and their ingredients are
• Supplement approval by FDA is___________
– Thus, FDA must prove it isn’t safe AFTER it is on
the market…
Supplement Labels
•
•
1.
Like food labels, supplement labels have
mandatory and optional info.
Mandatory requirements are:
2.
3.
4.
5.
•
Supplement Facts panel can include
substances for which no Daily Value has
been established.
•
An asterisk under %DV indicates that DV
is not established for that ingredient.
Dietary Supplements and Claims
1. Health claims (associated with disease/health condition):
– Examples:
2. Structure/functional claims:
– Examples:
– Must have
3. Nutrient content claims
–
Consistent with _____________________________________
Choosing Dietary Supplements
• Ask the following questions:
– ___________________________________________
– ___________________________________________
• What does the studies say? Human or animal studies? Were
there placebo studies?
• Consider type of preparation and the route of administration
(pill vs. injectional herb)
– ___________________________________________
• There is little data on bioavailability __________________
__________________________________________of herbal
preparations and other types of non-nutrient supplements.
Choosing Dietary Supplements
• Ask the following questions (cont.):
– ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
• Prescription/OTC + supplement  may have adverse effects
• Taken alone or with other supplements?
– ___________________________________________
• Too many benefits?
• “a low calorie, high energy drink?”
– ___________________________________________
• Is it the dieticians, physicians who recommended the
supplement to you?
• Multilevel marketing: system of selling in which each
salesperson recruits assistants who then recruit others to
help them. The person at each level collects a commission
on sales made by later recruits.
Choosing Dietary Supplement
• U.S. Pharmacopea
(USP)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fraudulent Products
• ~1/3 of herbal supplements on the market
may be outright fraudulent.
• Remember, dietary supplements, unlike foods
and drugs, are not reviewed/tested to be
effective by the FDA.
• Examples of potential warning signs:
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (CAM)
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM):
– Alternative 
• e.g. using herbs and megavitamins to treat AIDS
– Complementary 
• e.g. using herbs to combat diarrhea caused by conventional AIDS
medications and taking supplements to replace lost vitamins
• 40% adults and 12% children in America use some form
of CAM therapy.
CAM and Nutrition
• Alternative nutrition
practices include diets to
prevent and treat diseases
not shown to be dietrelated
• Usually alternative
nutrition practices are:
CAM and Nutrition
• Nutrition in CAM
– _________________________________________
– _________________________________________
• Emphasizes ___________________________________
_____________________________________________
– Composition depends on a person’s health status and is
associated with lifestyle, spiritual philosophy.
• Many advocates think this diet as a cure cancer and
cardiovascular diseases.
• Those that follow it have healthier blood lipid levels
and lower blood pressure; however, they have low
levels of calcium and vitamin D (osteoporosis)
Vegetarian vs. Vegan
Vegetarian
• “Diet”
• Don’t Eat: Meat, seafood
• Types:
– Ovo-vegetarian: eats eggs
– Lacto-vegetarian: eats dairy
products
• Products: Don’t mind using
animal-derived products.
Vegan
• “Diet + Lifestyle”
• Don’t Eat: Meat, eggs, milk,
honey, or any food derived
from animals.
• Products: Avoids using
animal-derived products
including clothing,
cosmetics, household,
foods.
Food Restriction and Food
Prescriptions
• Many societies use dietary changes to treat or
prevent illness
• Fad diets most often____________________
_______________________________________
– The few that prove effective and have a scientific
basis become integrated into conventional
nutrition and diet therapy.