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Chapter 13 Natural And Ergogenic Supplements 1 More and more companies marketing to athletes 18% of Americans regularly use herbal products Americans spend 3 billion annually More research and more laws enacted to protect public health 2 Supplements Natural Herbal – Nutraceutical – any dietary or nutritional supplement used for general health benefits 3 Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act 1994 – company can promote a natural substance claiming: – Improved function – Improved health – Cannot claim the supplement will affect a disease process 4 Americans should have unrestricted access to food supplements For a dietary supplement to be a food, it must contain one or more of the following – Vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, metabolites, etc… – Can assist with the nutritional needs of humans 5 In order to avoid the FDA, herbal and natural supplement manufacturers market their product as food – can be purchased by anyone at anytime Example of the DHSEA law – Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Banned in the 1980s Back on the market 1990s 6 Exactly who and how many people use supplements to enhance performance is unknown Testimonials; no scientific evidence Information from coaches, teammates, athletic trainer 7 Understanding “Natural” Generally accepted as anything that is not artificial or that is produced by nature Alternatives – Comes from earth and necessary for human function – The body will easily assimilate the product Public equates “natural” with safety 8 Anything put into the body has potential to create a negative response Children at a greater risk 1998 report by Eisenberg et al – 1990 – 1997: herbal remedy use up 380% – 47% of general public use herbal medicines – 18% of herbal medicine users do not tell their physician 9 Risk Factors Identification of substances in herbal products is currently not possible 1 – 100’s of active chemical substances Contamination – Heavy metals, bacteria, pesticides 10 Risk Factors Four basic risks – Purity of the herbal supplement – Toxic side effects – Interactive effects with other drugs or herbs – Drug contamination – growth, production, bottling, etc. 11 Supplement Purity Ingredients on label are not always actual amount found in container – Not even included, amounts too high or too low When amount is not disclosed reliably, numerous different types of problems may result 12 Green et al (2001): – 11 of the 12 products tested did not meet the labeling standards required by law – One product contained 77% more of the supplement than was indicated on the label – 11 products contained less of the supplement than indicated 13 Supplement Toxicity Toxicity based on: – Dose of the herb – Other drugs or herbs being taken – Duration and frequency of exposure to the herb Reactions vary: – Skin rashes, hepatic toxicity, death Energy boosters, weight control, pain control, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressants… 14 Supplement Interactions Interaction of supplements with other medications – Can reduce effectiveness of medications – Adverse effects 15 Table 13-1: Examples of Herbal/Drug Interactions (pg 183) 16 Supplement Contamination Production and manufacture Species of the plant Soil Fertility and overall growing environment Part of the plant Extraction method 17 “Natural” Ergogenic Aids Ergogenic – having the ability to increase work, especially to increase the potential for work May allow athlete to participate in activity longer or respond more quickly to a stimulus Will NOT increase skill level 18 Sports Drinks Marketing – Replace fluids and electrolytes Athlete’s preference (taste) – Gatorade Research varies 19 Energy Drinks “Energy booster” Caffeine – Upset stomach – Diuretic effect – Detect in drug tests Possible problems with drinks w/added herbal or natural substances Implications for Activity, pg 186 20 Table 13-3: Energy, Carbohydrate, and Additional Ingredients Found in Selected Sports Drinks 21 Table 13-3: Energy, Carbohydrate, and Additional Ingredients Found in Selected Sports Drinks (cont.) 22 What is in a sports drink ? 23 Dietary Techniques – Carbohydrate loading – Zone Diet Vitamins and Minerals Amino Acids – Aids in rebuilding damaged tissues – Controversial – glucosamine 24 Whey Protein – Derived from milk – Aids in repair of damaged muscle and even increase size and overall capability of the muscle 25 Erythropoietin Alpha (EPO) – Blood product that signals body to produce RBCs RBCs deliver oxygen to muscles, organs, tissues – Endurance athletes – Not easily detected by drug testing – “blood doping" 26 What to Tell the Athlete Page 190 27