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Hypnosis
Hypnosis
• A social interaction in which a hypnotist
makes suggestions about perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the
subject follows those suggestions
Social Influence Theory
• Theory that powerful social influences
produce a state of hypnosis.
• This theory notes that a person’s
physiological state does not change
under hypnosis.
• Social factors influence people to
believe hypnosis will work.
What is Hypnosis?:
Divided
Consciousness Theory
Divided Consciousness Theory
• Theory that during
hypnosis our
consciousness splits so
that one aspect of
consciousness is not
aware of the role that
other parts are playing.
• Promoted by Ernest
Hilgard (1904-2001)
Hypnotic Techniques
Hypnotic Induction
• The process by which a hypnotist creates a
state of hypnosis in a subject
• Usually done by voicing a series of
suggestions
• Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone
Hypnotizability
• Differences in the ability of people to
become hypnotized
• Varies from person to person
• Varies from situation to situation
Hypnotizability
Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions
• Suggestions usually involve sensations,
thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety
of behaviors.
• Hypnosis does not cause behaviors.
• Hypnosis can lead people to certain
behaviors but so can ordinary
suggestions.
Posthypnotic Suggestions
• Hypnotic suggestion that the
subject will carry out after
the hypnosis session has
ended
• Technique can be used to
encourage helpful behavior
changes, such as stopping
smoking or losing weight.
Hypnotic Amnesia
• Inability to remember what happened
during hypnosis because the hypnotist
suggests that the subject will have no
memory of that period of time
Applications of
Hypnosis:
Hypnosis and Pain
Control
Pain and Hypnosis
• Hypnosis does work
as a means to control
pain.
• Has a number of
practical applications
Drugs
Psychoactive Drug
• Chemical substance that alters
perceptions, mood, or behavior
• Three common psychoactive drugs:
– Caffeine
– Alcohol
– Nicotine
• Induce an altered state of consciousness
Dependence
• State of physiological, psychological or
both types of need to take more of a
drug after continued use.
• Withdrawal follows if the drug is
discontinued
Withdrawal
• Discomfort and distress that follow
when a person who is dependent on a
drug discontinues the use of that drug
• Withdrawal symptoms are usually the
reverse of the drug’s effects.
Tolerance
• Reduced responsiveness to a drug,
prompting the user to larger dosages to
achieve the same pleasurable effects
previously obtained by lower doses
Tolerance
Alcohol:
A Depressant
Depressants
• Drugs that reduce neural activity and
slow body functioning
• Includes alcohol and sedatives
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
• Found in beer, wine, and liquor
• The second most used psychoactive
drug (caffeine first)
• Slows thinking, and impairs physical
activity
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
• A measure of how much alcohol is in a
person’s bloodstream
• BAC of .08 considered legal
intoxication in most states
Euphoric Affects of Alcohol
• Alcohol impairs the parts of the brain
responsible for controlling inhibitions
and making judgments
Alcohol, Memory, and Sleep
• Studies have shown that alcohol impairs
memory by suppressing the processing
of events into long term memory.
• Alcohol impairs REM sleep, further
disrupting memory storage.
Alcoholism
Stimulants
Stimulants
• Drugs that excite neural activity and
speed up body functions
• Include: caffeine, nicotine,
amphetamines, and cocaine
Caffeine
• Stimulant found in coffee,
chocolate, tea, and some soft
drinks
• Provides user with a sense of
increased energy, mental
alertness, and forced
wakefulness
• Blocks neurological receptor
sites that, if activated, sedate
the central nervous system
Nicotine
• Stimulant found in tobacco
• Effects similar to those of caffeine
• Very addictive and does not stay in the
body very long
Cocaine
• Stimulant derived from leaves of the
coca plant
• Crack – cocaine crystals
• Blocks the reuptake of certain
neurotransmitters
• Dependency is quick and severe; places
extreme strain on cardiovascular system
Amphetamines
• Drugs that stimulate neural activity,
speeding up body functions
• Include increased energy and mood
changes
• Includes: speed, uppers, and
methamphetamines
• Mimic adrenaline
• Can cause irreversible changes in mood
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic drugs that distort
perceptions and evoke sensory images
in the absence of sensory input
• Include: LSD and ecstasy
• Sometimes called “psychedelics”
meaning mind-manifesting
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
•
•
•
•
Powerful hallucinogenic drug
Also known as “acid”
The effects vary from person to person
Users can be dangerous to themselves
and others.
Ecstasy
• Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower
inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and
greater acceptance of others
• Also called MDMA
• Even moderate users may experience
permanent brain damage.
Marijuana
Marijuana
• Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form
the hemp plant that, when smoked,
lower inhibitions and produce feelings
of relaxation and mild euphoria
• THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is
the active ingredient
• Disrupts memory; lung damage from
smoke
10 mg of Caffeine