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1877 - 1917 Unit 2—Chapters 3 – 4 Industrialization and Progressivism CSS 11.1, 11.2, 11.3. 11.5, 11.6 Part Five Drive for Reform EQ: What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform? Progressive Movement, 1890 - 1920 • the Gilded Age made some very wealthy but left many very poor • middle class reformers wanted to help the poor and restrain the worst excesses of big business • presidents, governors and voters made major changes to the law • famous Progressives: Gov. “Fighting Bob” LaFollette (WI) Gov. Hiram Johnson (CA) Pres. Theodore Roosevelt Pres. Woodrow Wilson The Problems Progressives Wanted to Tackle • • • • big business was unregulated monopolies & trusts were too big political machines had destroyed democracy cities were filled with crime, filth, disease, & corruption • the poor, women, & blacks lacked basic rights • workers were exploited • wealth was unequally distributed Reminder • Social Gospel movement • Settlement Houses and Jane Addams Political Reforms • 17th Amendment, 1913 • voters pick US senators instead of the state congress • Australian Ballot • a secret ballot Social Reforms • Workers’ Rights • many states passed laws to require job safety, worker’s compensation, and limit work hours • 30,000 died on the job, 500,000 were injured in the 1900s • Keating-Owen Act, 1916 • made child labor illegal but was thrown out by the Supreme Court • child labor was finally banned in 1938 • Florence Kelly got Illinois to ban it • many states required children to go to school • John Dewey – facts vs. critical thinking, variety of subjects • we still debate whether school should focus on work skills or creative skills like art, writing, and social studies Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911 • a fire on the 8th floor prevented workers on the 9th floor from getting out of the building • the owners fled and left the doors locked • 146 garment workers died either in the fire or from jumping to safety • The owners were acquitted and were fined $20 two years later for locking the doors during business hours • public outrage led to new laws that protected workers’ rights Reforming Government • Galveston Hurricane – 8000 died • Reorganized city gov’t from a mayor and alderman to a 5 person commission and city manager • Very successful – other cities adopted • Curbed power of political machines • Direct Primary – citizens pick Senate candidates, not party bosses Political Reforms • initiative • voters can create state laws • if you get enough signatures you can put anything on the state ballot • referendum • voters can vote to allow or refuse state laws • some laws can’t take affect until both the state congress and the voters approve it • recall • voter can vote out elected officials • in 2003, Gov. Gray Davis became the 2nd governor to ever be recalled from office Muckrakers • American journalists who exposed corruption in business and politics • laid the foundation for the Progressive Movement • Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle • Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives • Lincoln Steffens – Shame of the Cities • David Phillips – Treason of the Senate The Jungle + • Upton Sinclair revealed the truth about the condition of the Chicago meat packing plants • Meat Inspection Act, 1906 • authorized federal inspection of meat by the USDA • Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 • required food products to be labeled correctly • led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration =