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Unit 5: Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Ch. 21,22,23 Tobacco Use • Tobacco use is the number one leading cause of preventable disease and death in the U.S. • Despite the numerous health risks related to smoking, chewing, or dipping tobacco, many teenagers begin to use this highly addictive drug Nicotine • It is because of this addictive drug that many tobacco users find it very difficult to drop the habit. • Being a stimulant, nicotine increases the action of your central nervous system, heart, and other organs. • It raises blood pressure, heart rate, and contributes to heart disease and stroke. • Once you’re hooked you need more and more to satisfy your need for the drug. Cigarette smoke: more than just stink • Tobacco smoke is TOXIC • It has been classified as a Group A carcinogen: the most dangerous type of carcinogen Cigarette Cocktail: Tar with a splash of carbon monoxide • Tar: thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco burns. – Penetrates into the respiratory system & destroys cilia & lung tissue, & damages air sacs. • Smoking makes you more susceptible to bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, & cancer Cigarette Cocktail: Tar with a splash of carbon monoxide • Carbon Monoxide: colorless, odorless, & poisonous gas. – Taken up more easily than oxygen – Replaces oxygen in the blood thus depriving tissues and cells. • Increases the chance for: high blood pressure, heart disease, & hardening of the arteries. Pipes and Cigars • Cigars contain MORE nicotine & produce more tar & carbon monoxide than cigarettes – ONE cigar = one PACK of cigarettes • Pipe & cigar smokers have an INCREASED risk of developing cancer of the mouth, lip, & throat Smokeless Tobacco • Smokeless tobacco: – Sniffed – Chewed – Dipped • Not a safe alternative • Nicotine & carcinogen are absorbed through the mucous membranes or digestive tract • Can deliver 2 to 3 times the amount of nicotine as a single cigarette • If you chew 8-10 plugs a day it equals 2 packs of cigarettes a day – Can develop leukoplakia – Cancers of the pancreas, throat, larynx, esophagus, & stomach are common. Short-term effects • Changes in brain chemistry – Cravings – Withdrawal symptoms • Increased respiration & heart rate – Physical activity may become more difficult – May cause an irregular heart beat • Dulled taste buds & reduced appetite • Bad breath & an unshakable stench Long-term effects • • • • • • Takes a toll on respiratory, cardiovascular, & digestive systems Immune system is weakened Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Lung cancer Coronary heart disease & stroke So… Knowing all this, why do you think people choose to smoke anyway? Everyone is aware of the harmful effects of tobacco so why use it? Short-term Effects • Nervous System – Brain is less able to control the body – Memory & concentration are dulled – Judgment &coordination are impaired • Cardiovascular Sys. – Low intake: increased heart rate & blood pressure – High intake: decreased heart rate & blood pressure • Risk of cardiac arrest increases Short-term Effects • Digestive System – Stomach acid increases resulting in nausea & vomiting – As the liver metabolizes alcohol toxic chemicals are released which cause inflammation & scarring – Kidneys increase urine output which can cause dehydration • Respiratory System – Carbon dioxide formed by the liver is released from the body through the lungs – Alcohol depresses nerves that control functions such as breathes which means that breathing can slow, become irregular, or stop Short-term Effects • Effects vary from person to person and depend on various factors: – Body size & gender • Female have a higher percentage of body fat & less water which means alcohol is less diluted & will have a stronger & longer effect – Food – Amount & rate of intake Alcohol & other drugs • Interaction between alcohol & other drugs can be extremely dangerous • This can result in a multiplier effect in which the drug has a greater or different effect than if it were taken alone Typical alcohol-drug interactions • Alcohol slows down the body’s absorption of a drug which lengthens the time of alcohol in the body & increases the risk of side effects. • May increase the number of metabolizing enzymes which can cause a faster breakdown which decreases their effectiveness. Typical alcohol-drug interactions • Metabolizing enzymes can change medications into chemicals that can damage the liver or other organs – Acetaminophen, a common painkiller & fever reducer, can cause serious liver damage • Alcohol can increase the effects of some meds. – Antihistamines, can cause excessive dizziness & sleepiness Driving under the influence • Alcohol impairs vision, reaction time, & coordination. • When mixed with driving, alcohol can have deadly results. • Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the amount od alcohol in a person’s blood, expressed as a percentage. – Signs of intoxication can show as early as 0.02 Alcohol Poisoning • A severe & potentially fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose. • As a depressant, alcohol shuts down involuntary actions such as breathing & gag reflex, which prevents choking – Too much alcohol could lead to a complete shut down of these functions & result in choking on one’s own vomit Effects of Alcohol Poisoning • Passing out is a common effect of too much alcohol in the system, BUT the alcohol does not stop entering the bloodstream at this point. • Do not assume that “sleeping it off” will ensure the safety of the inebriated person. Symptoms of Alcohol Poisoning • Mental confusion, stupor, coma, inability to wake, vomiting, seizures • Slow respiration – 10 seconds between breaths or fewer than 8 breaths per minute • Irregular heartbeat • Hypothermia or low body temperature – Pale or bluish skin color • Sever dehydration from vomiting Long-term effects • Changes to the brain – Addiction – Loss of brain functions – Brain damage • Cardiovascular changes – Damage to heart muscle – Enlarged heart – High blood pressure Long-term effects • Liver problems – Fatty liver (fat blocks the flow of blood to the liver cells resulting in cell death) – Alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation/infection of liver) – Cirrhosis (scar tissue replaces liver tissue which can lead to liver failure & death) • Digestive system problems – Digestive lining is damaged which can result in ulcers & cancer of the stomach & esophagus Long-term effects • Pancreas problems – Lining to the pancreas swells which block chemicals the small intestine needs for digestion. – These chemicals begin to destroy the pancreas which causes pain & vomiting & death in sever cases. Drinking during pregnancy • Women who drink while pregnant are also in turn giving alcohol to their unborn child • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): a group of alcohol-related birth defects that include physical pain & metal problems – Small head & deformities of limbs – Slow growth & coordination – Difficulties with learning, attention, memory, & problem solving Alcoholism • A disease in which a person has a physical or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol. • Symptoms: – – – – – Craving Loss of control Physical dependence Tolerance Health, family, legal problems Stages of alcoholism • Stage 1: Abuse – Drinks on a regular basis & needs more alcohol to have the desired effects. Blackouts & memory loss are common. The person also begins to lie about their problem. • Stage 2: Dependence – The person cannot stop drinking & they begin making excuses for the problem. Home & work begin to suffer. • Stage 3: Addiction – Alcohol becomes the most important thing in the person’s life. Liver damage means less alcohol is needed to produce intoxication. Stopping would result in sever withdrawal symptoms.