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Non Prescription Drugs Course Instructor Pr. Dr Hanaa Elsaghir Text : Handbook of Nonprescription Drug latest edition Publisher (American Pharmaceutical Association) Grating: Quizzes and assignment(5), med.( 5), Final (20) Lectures Saturday and monday (10 -12) Office hours Every day ( 12 – 13 ) Email [email protected] COURSE OUTLINES Introduction to skin functions and anatomy Skin diseases and OTC products for their treatment Acne Dandruff, seborrhea, psoriasis and dry skin Diaper Rash and Eczema Burn, Sunburn, sun screen agents Parasitic diseases, pediculosis and scabies, Skin Anatomy and function The skin is the largest organ of the body made up of a thin outer layer (called the epidermis) and a thicker inner layer (called the dermis). Below the dermis is the subcutaneous tissue, which contains fat. Buried in the skin are nerves that sense cold, heat, pain, pressure, and touch. Sebaceous glands secrete a lubricating substance called sebum. Deep within the skin are your sweat glands, which produce perspiration when you are too hot. Skin is damages easily with various factors 1- mechanically ; by cut, burns, bites and stings. 2-chemicaly; by detergents and organic solvents. 3- biologically ; by microorganisms. 4- even dermatological preparations intended to be applied on skin e.g. cosmetics, can harm the skin in susceptible persons. Skin structure Skin functions Mechanical Protective Social Mechanical function Its provided mainly by the dermis Our skin is elastic but with age, it wrinkles and becomes more rigid. Tissues require about 10 to 20 % of moisture to act as a plasticizer The thin horny layer is strong and depends in its pliability ( elasticity ) on a correct balance of lipids, water soluble hygroscopic substances and water. Protective function *. Microbiological barrier( Stratum corneum provides a microbiological barrier by ) 1- sloughing of squamous epithelial tissue with their adhering microorganisms 2- Acid mantle ( pH of the skin surface 4.5 – 5.5. acidic nature of the skin is called the acid mantle . Microbes grow better at pH 6 to 7.5 3- Sebum ingredients which secreted by the sebaceous glands ( free fatty acids) have fungicidal and bactericidal properties; such as caprylic and caproic fatty acids. * Chemical Barrier: skin limits the passage of different chemicals into and out the body. .stratum conium is very impermeable to chemicals and is the rate limiting step in percutaneous absorption. * Radiation Barrier:ultraviolet light of 290400nm is the most damging . ( light stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin which particularly protect the skin Heat barrier and temperature regulation Electrical barrier Social function Skin express emotions such as the pallor and sweating during fear It has characteristics particular for mane's. color, hair, odor and texture. Sensory experiences such as mediation of sensation of heat, cold, touch , vibration and pain Composition of the skin 1- The epidermis Stratum germinativum being the innermost layer Stratum cornium being the outermost layer which is composed of flat scaly dead tissue ( keratinized), constantly shed. It may be 10 micron thick when dry but swells several fold in water. The impermeable nature of this dead, dense layer is very important in controlling the percutaneous absorption of drugs. 2- The dermis 3- the subcutaneous tissue- Skin appendages Hair follicles( develop over all skin except the red part of the lips, the palm and soles, and parts of the sex organs Sebaceous glands , holocrine produce sebum from cell disintegration. Abnormal sebaceous activity may lead to seborrhea, obstruction of the pilosebaceous canal may lead to comedones and acne Sweat glands ( eccrine sweat glands and apocrine glands Nails What is sebum Sebum is the product of sebaceous glands. It is a, mixture of fatty substances that cover the surface of the skin, consisting of free fatty acids (mainly palmitic and oleic ) triglycerides, waxes , cholesterol and traces of fat soluble vitamines. Function of sebum: 1- surface barrier to the loss of moisture from the skin 2- it prevents penetration of the skin by other substances 3- it has some antiseptic and anti fungal properties. Non prescripion drugs It is called an OTC drug since it pass without prescription Over The Counter. The FDA defines OTC drug as a drug for which directions for safe use by the public can be written. It does not necessarily follow that these drugs without danger. Danger might arise from ; Misdiagnosis, adverse drug reaction, adverse drug –drug ite raction , or toxicity upon miss use. It is the pharmacist s responsibilities to : 1- help the patient if the problem need medical attention 2- assist the patient who does not require professional medical assistance in choosing the most suitable course of treatmentr 3-recommend the best available OTC product of the effective drug