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15
Pharmacology
Introduction
• Pharmacology
• Drug
– Side effect
– Drug interaction
– Addiction
– Habit forming
• Medicines
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Drug Names
Brand Names
• Capitalized
• Registered
trademarks
• Bayer
Generic Names
• Not capitalized
• Unprotected
• Less expensive
• Aspirin
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Prescriptions
• Parts of a written prescription
– Heading
– Superscription
– Body of prescription
• Rx symbol
• Inscription
• Subscription
– Closing of the prescription
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Reference
Texts for Pharmacology
• Council on Dental Therapeutics
• Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)
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Latin Abbreviations and English
Definitions Used for Prescriptions
•
•
•
•
•
a.a.
a.c.
b.i.d.
t.i.d.
q.i.d.
of each
before meal
twice a day
three times a day
four times a day
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Latin Abbreviations and English
Definitions Used for Prescriptions
•
•
•
•
•
•
q.h.
q.4.h.
q.8.h.
sig.
p.c.
p.r.n.
every hour
every four hours
every eight hours
take
after meals
when necessary or as needed
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Drug Laws
• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(1938)
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
and Control (1970)
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Drug Enforcement
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
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Drug Schedule
for Control Act of 1970
• Schedule I
– High potential for abuse
– No accepted medical use
• Heroin
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Drug Schedule
for Control Act of 1970
• Schedule II
– High potential for abuse
– Accepted medical use
• Morphine
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Drug Schedule
for Control Act of 1970
• Schedule III
– Lower potential for abuse and medical use
• Stimulants
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Drug Schedule
for Control Act of 1970
• Schedule IV
– Less potential for abuse; accepted medical use
• Antianxiety drugs
• Schedule V
– Least potential for abuse
• Over-the-counter
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Dental Assistants and the Law
•
•
•
•
Maintain accurate records
Phone or e-mail of prescriptions
Maintenance of controlled substances
Liaison with pharmaceutical
representatives and the pharmacist
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Drug Administration Routes
•
•
•
•
•
Oral
Topical
Inhalation
Sublingual
Rectal
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Drug Administration Routes
•
•
•
•
•
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Transdermal
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Drugs
• Know signs and symptoms of
individuals under the influence of drugs
• Have knowledge of prescribed and
illegal drugs and how drugs interact
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Tobacco
• Uses
– No useful
purpose
• Effects
– Could lead to heart
disease
– Promotes high risk of
oral and lung cancer
– Causes tooth staining,
periodontal diseases,
and halitosis
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Caffeine
• Uses
– No useful
purpose
• Effects
– Causes heart to work
harder
– Affects nervous
system
– May cause or irritate
ulcers
– Too much may be fatal
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Alcohol
• Uses
– No useful purpose
• Effects
– Affects judgement
and coordination
– Slows reactions
– Causes cirrhosis
– Slows down body
processes
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Marijuana
• Uses
– Derivative
– Cancer treatment
to decrease
nausea and
regurgitation
• Effects
– Increases heart rate
– Causes lung tissue
damage
– Causes reproductive
system disorders
– Deteriorates
coordination
– Decreases ability to
think and speak clearly
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Cocaine
• Uses
– Causes physical
and psychological
dependency
– Medical use has
been reduced
• Effects
– Heart problems
– Mental disorders
– Violent behavior
– Death
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Narcotics
• Addictive depressants used to relieve
pain
– Heroin
– Morphine
– Codeine
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Amphetamines
• Group of stimulant drugs (uppers)
– Increases heart and respiratory rates, and
blood pressure
• Causes loss of appetite, nervousness,
and restlessness
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Amphetamines
• Medically treats narcolepsy and
attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in
children.
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Hallucinogens
• Drugs that cause people to see and
hear images and sounds that do not
exist
– Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
– Phencyclidine (PCP)
– Mescaline
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Barbiturates
• Sedative drugs that depress brain
activity
– Amobarbital
– Pentobarbital
– Secobarbital
– Phenobarbital (given to dental patients with
severe anxiety)
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Drugs Prescribed
• Analgesics
– Loss of pain without loss of sensation
– OTC drugs:
• Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen
– Prescription drugs
• Codeine, morphine
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Drugs Prescribed
• Analgesics side effects
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Constipation
– Breathing difficulties
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Drugs Prescribed
• Tranquilizers
– Produce sedative effect
– Reduce tensions and anxieties
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Drugs Prescribed
• Antibiotics
– Used to treat infection
– Derived from fungi and molds or are
manufactured synthetically
– Broad spectrum antibiotics treat a wide
range of bacteria
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Drugs Prescribed
• Antibiotics
– Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection
– Side effects
• Nausea, diarrhea, allergic rash
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Drugs Prescribed
• Penicillin
– First group of antibiotic drugs to be
discovered was penicillin
– Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and
pneumonia
– Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine,
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin
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Drugs Prescribed
• Erythromycin
– Used by individuals allergic to Penicillin
and children in the place of Tetracycline
– Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection,
and ointment
– Side effects are stomach pain, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea
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Drugs Prescribed
• Antifungal Agents
– Treat infections caused by fungi
– Available as tablets, suspension, creams,
injections, and suppositories
– Side effects are skin irritation, liver, and
kidney damage
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Drugs Prescribed
• Anticholinergics
– Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to
surgery
– Treats abnormally slow heart rates in
emergencies
– Dilates eyes for exam
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Herbal and
Alternative Medications
• Consult dentist
• Caution patients
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