Download Sleep Stages

Topic: Sleep, Dreams, and States of
Consciousness
• Aim: For what reasons
do we sleep and dream?
• Do Now:
1. How good or bad of a
sleeper are you?
2. Have you always been this
way?
3. How is your day impacted if
you get too much or too
little sleep?
Think of our conscious mind as things we’re aware of
and our unconscious mind as things that are more
automatic
Waking consciousness
– Our awareness of ourselves and our
environment
– Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions
that occur when we are awake and
alert
– Allows us to reflect and plan
Altered States of Consciousness
– A mental state that differs noticeably
from normal waking consciousness
(sleep, meditation, drug induced
states, hallucinations, hypnosis,
sensory deprivation)
Forms of Altered-Consciousness:
Sleep
Sleep Discussion:
1. Why do you think we need sleep?
2. How much sleep does the average person
need?
3. What happens when people do not get enough
sleep?
4. How does the amount of sleep we need change
through stages of development?
Daydreaming and Fantasy
• Spontaneous shifts attention
away from the here and now
into a make-believe world
• Urge to daydream peaks
about every 90 minutes and
is highest between 12:00 and
2:00pm
• Daydreams may provide
stress relief and encourage
creativity
Circadian Rhythm:
• Sleep cycle you go through ever 24 hours
• Governed by an area of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN) -Sends a signal to the pineal gland to increase or
decrease the sleep-inducing hormone.
• Jet lag is the result of desynchronization of the circadian rhythm
• The longer we are awake the more adenosine (a chemical that
inhibits certain neurons) accumulates. Sleep reduces adenosine –
caffeine blocks it.
Types of Sleep:
• Rapid eye movement sleep (REM): 20–25% of
total sleep, normally occurs close to morning
• Subjects' vividly recalled dreams mostly occur
during REM sleep.
Stage One
• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a
transition stage between wake and sleep.
• It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies
approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low
frequency (slow))
• brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present
while awake
Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
Stage Two
• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and
occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep.
Stage Three & Four
• Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow
wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity
slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of
Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and
the height or amplitude of the waves increases
dramatically.
Stage Three and Four (continued)
• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the
"deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most
restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain
craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all
sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able
or "dead asleep" during most of the night.
Stage Five: REM SLEEP
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•
•
•
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2
Why do we sleep? – We spend 1/3 of our
lives asleep!
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
Myths:
•Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep
per night to maintain good health
(we need less sleep as we age)
•Learning of complicated subjects
such as calculus can be done
during sleep.
•Some people never dream.
•Dreams last only a few seconds.
What happens if we don’t get enough sleep (whatever
our particular sleeping needs are?)
What are some psychological/physiological impacts on
our bodies?
What are some problems that are correlated with a lack
of sleep?
Sleep Deprivation (lack of sleep):
1. Fatigue and subsequent death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. After 90 hours awake, begin having
perceptual distortions,
hallucinations, and delusions.
Sleep Theories:
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair
brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and
rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary
gland releases growth hormone. Older people
release less of this hormone and sleep less.
Dyssomnias:
Sleeping disorders that make it
difficult to get to sleep, or to remain
sleeping. Types include:
1.Insomnia - difficulty sleeping
2.Sleep Apnea - abnormal pauses in
breathing while sleeping
3.Sleep paralysis: temporary paralysis
of the body shortly before or after
sleep. May be accompanied by
visual, auditory or tactile
hallucinations.
Parasomnias:
• Sleep disorders that involve
abnormal and unnatural
movements, behaviors, emotions,
perceptions, and dreams
Types Include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
sleepwalking
teeth grinding
restless leg syndrome
night eating syndrome
sleep sex
sleep talking, and night terrors
Sleepwalking:
• The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and
appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking
around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going
to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar
activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep.
The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or
can last for 30 minutes or longer.
• One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not
be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker,
although it is common for the person to be confused or
disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another
misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep
walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping
and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.
• Narcolepsy: characterized by excessive
sleepiness and sleep attacks at inappropriate
times, such as while at work.
• Person may suddenly fall into REM sleep
without warning
Dreaming Theories &
Interpretations
Dream myth: “I never dream” – Yes you do! Every
night, in fact. When people say this what they mean
to say is “I don’t remember my dreams”
Because science has proven that we all enter REM
sleep, and that dreams occurs in REM sleep, all
data point to us dreaming consistently. Some of us,
however, remember more than others.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dreamcatcher/201204/people-who-do-not-dream
Dreams: Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
 Symbolic expressions of our unconscious conflicts or wish
fulfillment
 clues to inner thoughts & forbidden impulses
 discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
 Manifest Content
 remembered story line
 Latent Content
 underlying meaning
Dream Discussion:
1. What are dreams?
2. Why do you think the brain dreams?
3. What do you think some common themes of
people’s dreams are?
4. Do you remember your dreams?
5. Do you dream in color?
Describe your Dreams…
1.Dialogue spoken, or any words?
2.The number of, and types of people (friends, strangers,
relatives, etc.)?
3.The mood of the dream (happy, sad, scary, etc)?
4.Setting/location?
5.Themes?
6.Events?
7.
Any passage of time in the dream?
8.
Perspective (are you in the dream, or watching
things happen like in a movie)?
Theories about why we dream
1. Information Processing Perspective- dreams
help us sort out the day’s experiences and fix them
in memory. (way of dealing with stress)
2. Activation-synthesis explanation states that
REM sleep triggers impulses in the visual cortex,
evoking random visual images that our brain tries
to weave into a storyline. (explains why dreams
sometimes make no sense)
3. The brain-maturation/cognitive
development perspective believes dreams
represent the dreamer’s level of development,
knowledge & understanding (for example, how do
you think children dream differently than adults?
How do you think other cultures dream differently
than Americans?)
Dream Analysis Project:
1. Were there any common threads, common ideas, running through the
journal?
2. Are your dreams bizarre? Mundane? Repetitive from night to night?
3. Which dreams are most disturbing? Why? What do they mean to you?
4. What common symbols or objects did you record? What do you think
these symbols mean?
5. Were you able to control your dreams as you remembered more and
more of them?
6. How are your dreams relevant to your waking life? Did you dream
about everyday events like being in school, or dream of having
superpowers and flying?
7. Was the content of both journals identical on any days? What does
this tell you?
8. What seems to be the main function of your dreams?
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Common Dream Themes:
Dying (you or someone you know)
Flying
Being chased
Falling, sinking, or drowning
Dreams involving missing or damaged teeth
Public nudity
Dreams involving bodies of water
Sexual dreams
What do you think each of the following
common dreams things could represent?
• Nightmares: Fearinducing dreams during
sleep
– Vivid and disturbing.
• Causes: our experience
– Watching horror
movies can cause
nightmares
– Stress
-Drugs and alcohol
Dream Findings:
 Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10
dreams have negative emotional content.
 Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about
failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or
struck with misfortune.
 Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual
dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1
in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
 Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and
women equally; men dream more about men
than women.
Topic: Drugs, Addiction, &
Treatments
Aim: How do psychologists
diagnose and treat addiction?
Drug Discussion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are drugs? What are some examples of drugs?
What effect do drugs have on the body?
What are some different types of drugs?
What is the psychology behind taking certain drugs?
Drugs:
• Drugs are chemicals that have
biological effects within the body.
Psychoactive drugs are chemicals
that change conscious awareness
or perception.4 main groupings
–
–
–
–
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates relieve pain.
Hallucinogens
Drugs and Consciousness
 Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
mood,changes the chemistry of the brain
 Changes our perceptions, mood or behavior
 Molecules pass through the blood-brain barrier
 Lead to Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug, to take more
 marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
 Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a drug
 for example, to relieve negative emotions
1. Addiction: Physical and/or
psychological dependence on
a substance
2. Psychological dependence:
when a person feels nervous
and anxious without substance
3. Tolerance: when your body
adapts to a substance so that
more of it is needed for the
original effect
4. Withdrawal: symptoms that
occur after a person
discontinues use of a
substance
Dependence and Addiction
Big
effect
Drug
effect
 Tolerance
 diminishing effect with
regular use
Response to
first exposure
 Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
Large
Drug dose
 discomfort and
distress that follow
discontinued use
The Psychology of Drugs & Culture:
• How does our society treat drugs?
• In what ways do we treat certain drugs
differently than we treat others?
• Do you think this has changed over time?
• How do we deal with people addicted to drugs?
• How are drugs parts of other cultures?
Depressants:
• Reduce neural activity and
slow body functions. They
include:
• Common depressants are
– Alcohol
– Barbiturates
Opiates:
• Derived from poppy
plant.
• Morphine, heroin,
methadone and codeine.
Opiates resemble
endorphins, the body’s
natural painkillers
• Causes euphoria
followed by clouded
mental functioning
Alcohol:
• Most used psychoactive drug in Western
societies. Highly physically and
psychologically addictive - addiction
strongly linked to age at which drinking
began.
• Even moderate amounts can affect:
1. Perception
2. Motor processes
3. Memory
4. Judgment
5. Visual acuity
6. Depth perception
7. Cognitive functioning
Alcoholism
• Compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic
beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health,
personal relationships, and social standing.
• It is medically considered a disease, specifically a
neurological disorder
Alcohol Discussion:
1. What are some reasons people drink?
2. Why do most people start drinking at
younger ages?
3. What do you think about the drinking age?
Should it be raised/lowered?
4. Why do you think binge drinking is such a
problem on college campuses?
60 Minutes - Drinking Age
Debate: 13 minutes
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=EA91_LoKIw
Stimulants:
• Speed up body processes.
• More powerful ones (like cocaine)
give people feelings of
invincibility. Includes drugs such
as:
– Caffeine
– Nicotine
– Cocaine
– Ecstasy
– Amphetamines
– Methamphetamines (‘Meth’)
Caffeine:
• Naturally occurring substance
found in coffee, tea, cocoa, and
chocolate
• Also added to soft drinks and
pain medications
• Increases alertness - test scores
• In high doses, caffeine can
cause anxiety, headaches, heart
palpitations, insomnia, and
diarrhea
Nicotine:
• Found in tobacco
• Considered by many to be the
most addictive stimulant in use
today
• Affects levels of several
neurotransmitters
• Depending on amount and time
smoked, can have either sedative
or stimulating effects
• Can lead to numerous withdrawal
symptoms, including nervousness,
headaches, and irritability
Amphetamines:
•Increase alertness as well as feelings of well-being
•Can cause euphoria followed by a crash, including severe
depression
•Leads to cycle of addiction. Forms can include
methamphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA)
•Ecstasy acts as both a stimulant and hallucinogen
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
Marijuana:
• THC, the active ingredient in
marijuana, produces
symptoms such as:
–
–
–
–
Euphoria
Enhanced sense of well-being
Relaxation
Distortion of time
• Some users may experience
anxiety and paranoia
Hallucinogens:
• Substances that distort visual
and auditory perception
• LSD
– Produces hallucinations and
delusions similar to a
psychotic state
– Can result in psychosis,
memory loss, paranoia, panic
attacks, nightmares and
aggression
Topic: Addiction & Treatments, and Therapies
Aim: How are addictions characterized and treated?
Do Now: What is the difference between doing
something several times and being addicted to it?
Project: Addiction Research - due Tues, March 5th
Addiction Discussion:
1. What factors lead a
person into becoming
addicted to a
substance?
2. Why do some people
become addicted to
substances and not
others?
3. How does addiction
impact people’s lives
(those addicted and
their families)
4. What resources and
treatments are offered for
people who are addicted
to a substance?
Explaining Abuse and Addiction
• Biological factors:
– Some people may be genetically predisposed to
addiction
– Dopamine reward circuit
• Psychological, social, and cultural factors:
– Expectations, social setting, and cultural beliefs and
values can affect usage patterns
– Attitudes and beliefs about drug use may come
from family environment
Treating Addiction:
1. Drugs (methadone, antidepressants, etc.)
2. Cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT)
3. Interventions
4. Family support
5. Treatment centers
The Faces of Meth
Meth: World’s Most Dangerous
Drug
• http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x26le6_me
th-the-worlds-most-dangerous-drug_people