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Transcript
Drugs & Their Effects Ms Markowski Drug Effects & Delivery Methods 1. Therapeutic: Intended effects = GOOD 2. Non-therapeutic: Unintended effects = Side Effects 1. 3. snorting 2. IV 4. (eating) 5. Transdermal (skin) Any drug/medicine can be toxic at a certain dose *It MATTERS how you put the drug in your body* Faster it gets in your body => faster the addiction FYI: Scheduling of Drugs Schedule I: - high potential for abuse - most dangerous - no accepted medical use in US Meth, street marijuana, ecstasy heroin, GHB, LSD, bath salts Schedule II: - High potential for abuse - Has current accepted medical use in US with severe restrictions - Abuse may lead to severe dependence cocaine, morphine, ritalin codeine, oxycontin, adderall Schedule III: - Less abuse potential than schedules I and II - Has accepted medical use in US - Abuse many lead to moderate dependence Schedule IV: - Low potential for abuse - Has accepted medical use in US Abuse may lead to limited dependence Schedule V: - Very low potential for abuse - prescriptions not always required Has accepted medical use in US , - DOES NOT mean non-lethal anabolic steroids, testosterone, marinol, , anti-anxiety drugs like Xanax, Valium, Klonipin Robitussin, Claritin, Sudafed, Advil, Aleve, Remember your Liver • our “detox” organ • Processes all drugs & alcohol consumed – (alcohol: half – 1 oz. per hour) • It does get damaged over time Key Point: Remember How Drugs Work 1. Drugs overwhelm (flood) the brain with neurotransmitters (NTs), usually by increasing how much and how long NTs can stimulate receptors. – Overtime, body will reduce amount of NTs produced in the future (homeostasis) – This reduces normal feelings of pleasure 2. Drug overstimulation/flooding of NTs also reduces (kills) # of receptors – similar to hearing loss with loud music – Now you will need more drug to have the same pleasure effect = Tolerance • These 2 brain changes are known as BRAIN DAMAGE and addiction typically starts 6 Classes of Drugs: know basic effects and examples of each class 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Narcotics/Opiates/Prescription Pain drugs “Club Drugs” Inhalants 1. Stimulants “speed/uppers” • INCREASE Central Nervous system (4 “B”s): – Heart rate &Breathing – Blood pressure & body temp • Increase anxiety & movement – feel energetic and awake Examples: • Methamphetamines “meth” • “Bath Salts”/MDPV • Cocaine/crack • Rx AD/HD Amphetamines Adderal/Ritalin • Nicotine • Caffeine (coffee, soda, tea) More about Cocaine Schedule II: used medically as a numbing agent & blood vessel restrictor for surgeries but highly addictive Effects: Short high(15-30 minutes then crash) • increased heart rate/blood pressure - constricts blood vessels • increased energy/very alert high - decreased appetite Concerns: • Stimulating effect: dangerous to heart • Changes experience of “pleasure” • Expensive and VERY physically addictive Lacing Issues History: 1885 US pharmacies sold it as a stimulant and as an anesthetic. Coca leaves were included in Coca-Cola until the early 1900s. 1970 it became illegal to use cocaine except as anesthesia for specific surgeries More about Methamphetamines • Produced in labs, often in homes • Made of household chemicals and poisons Effects/Problems: Strongest intense high up to 200xs dopamine • Invincible feelings - Dental problems - weight loss - violent behavior - psychosis - intense paranoia & delusions - meth “bugs” • Extremely addictive, very toxic to body due to ingredients • Serious withdrawals up to 7 days after last use • History: created in 1919 in Japan to be stronger than amphetamines to keep soldiers awake. 1950s it was used as diet and antidepressant drugs. Became illegal in 1970 because of addiction and no medical benefits • faces of meth users More about Amphetamines or AD/HD drugs or “Speed” - Adderall - Vyvanse - Ritalin - Focalin - Methylphenadate • Medical Uses: AD/HD and Narcolepsy to help stimulate prefrontal cortex to keep people focuses and alert • Recreational Uses: stay awake longer, “concentrate” • • • • • Concerns/Effects: Sudden Heart attack, weight loss, sleeplessness, depression, suicidal thoughts, addiction Cause a “down/depressed” feeling after use: WANT MORE & Tolerance 76% more likely to have Parkinson’s disorder later in life (dopamine disorder) • AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS http://www.youtube.com/watch?index=18&feature=PlayList&v=1XIdSvv6eEA&list=PLED44D7A51F65D394 • History: medical use for alertness for truck drivers and military personnel but tolerance and addiction made it schedule II (Rx only) “Bath Salts” (MDVP) methylenedioxypyrovalerone •man made powerful Stimulants with hallucinogenic effects, cheaper & stronger than cocaine and amphetamines or “speed” •“Bath salts” just a nickname like “weed” for marijuana or “acid” for LSD Concerns: 10x more powerful than cocaine or speed and can last for days sometimes hospitalization needed – Panic Attacks / Fits / Delusions -suicidal and homicidal – Sweating / Fever - Seizures - Nosebleeds – Severe Paranoia / Psychosis 2. Depressants “downers” • SLOW DOWN 4 “Bs” / CNS: – Heart rate & Breathing – Blood pressure & body temp • Feel relaxed & sleepy • Examples: – Alcohol – GHB/Rohypnol “Date rape drugs” – Rx Anxiety drugs/ Benzodiazpenes • Valium, Xanax, Klonipin, Ativan – Sedatives/Barbiturates • Haldol and sleeping pills • Anesthesia and “lethal injections” Alcohol & 3 reasons why it is so harmful to growing teen brains 1. Brain is still growing in general So alcohol will stunt that brain growth 2.Amygdala (pleasure center) is swollen Alcohol feels better and is more addictive to teens 3.Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is still developing Alcohol interferes directly with the PFC, leading to poorer decision making & risky behaviors Rohypnol & GHB “Date Rape Drugs” Medical Uses: Sleeping Medicine in Europe , NOT U.S. ON TEST: Why is it used as a Date Rape Drug?: - Causes extreme Drowsiness & amnesia and sometimes an unconscious state - Colorless, odorless, tasteless....just like water! Prevention Tactics ----------------------- – Watch your drink / never leave it on a table – Don’t drink something another person gives you! – New nail polish !!! History: created to treat withdrawal symptoms in recovering alcoholics and people addicted to narcotics in 1990s but quickly taken off market because of amnesia and blackouts and overdose/death. Illegal in 2000. Video What Would You Do 3. Hallucinogens • Make you SEE, HEAR, FEEL things that are not real • “Flashbacks” years later • paranoia / anxiety possible • Examples: – – – – – Marijuana Hashish / salvia Mushrooms (‘Psilocybin) LSD &PCP Mescaline (peyote cactus) All About Marijuana • Cannabis sativa plant • THC (tetra-hydracannabinol) makes you “high” and concentrations of it vary Within 15-30 minutes of smoking marijuana… - rapid heart rate & increased breathing rate low blood pressure red eyes & dry mouth (blood expansion due to low b.p.) increased appetite, "munchies“ slowed reaction time/decrease in coordination distorted sense of time, vision, taste (the hallucination!!) Euphoria or Paranoia short-term memory loss Some people experience panic attacks and loss of control • Stays in body for ~30 -40 days as it is stored in fatty tissues Overtime, smoking marijuana can lead to… - Increasing short-term Memory loss Learning disabilities/Poor academic achievement Distraction and loss of attention span Anxiety and panic attacks Lowered immune function Respiratory problems/Lung infections/Cancers - Damage to testes and ovaries (cancer) - Decreased sperm count and quality - Lower sex drive - Impotence - Menstrual cycle changes - AND NOW....it CAN LEAD TO ADDICTION, too thanks genetic engineering increasing the content of THC (see next slides) and earlier age of use (before 16 years old) Why is marjiuana today stronger than in was 20-30 years ago? • Genetic engineering has increased the concentration of THC in different marijuana seeds • 175% stronger than pot in 80s Marijuana’s Potency 200-800% Higher than in 1970s Marijuana, THC & the Teen Brain (From Journal of Neuroscience & Brain in Hand by Daniel Siegel) • THC slaughters young neurons in the teen brain • Epigenetic studies show THC exposure to a teen brain can “pop the lid off” dormant genetic predispositions for the following mental illnesses: – Anxiety – Schizophrenia / Drug induced Psychosis – Addiction • Essentially, THC has been shown to “awaken” genes that otherwise may never have been expressed if not for the exposure of THC • LATEST NEWS: – BDNF is depleted in teen brain when exposed to THC. – However, BDNF increases in exposure when THC is given to Alzheimer patients over the age of 70! (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18807247 Teen Brain, THC & Your Life Facts 1. Short term memory loss (can’t have new long term memories without the short term) 2. Not able to shift attention effectively while high (driving & school issues) 1. Fixation while high does not = focus 2. It can look & feel like pot is helping you focus but it’s fixation & overcompensation 3. Colorado has had fatal car crashes due to pot double since legalization 3. Lower verbal IQ with pot use (aphasia-like speech) 4. State-dependent learning: 1. when you learn something while high, you remember it when high, when you learn something sober, you remember it sober 2. Aerosmith band member & Eric Clapton both had to relearn guitar after getting sober! 5. Marijuana stores in fat cells so it has a longer impact even if you don’t feel high 6. Many career applications ask, “Have you ever had any alcohol or drug related incidents? 1. Then they search your online profiles for evidence & privacy settings do not matter when employees want to hire you 7. Increases in Theta waves (just like early sleep) so it feels good! Medical Marijuana Diseases: - Cancer - AIDS -Glaucoma -Multiple Sclerosis -Severe anorexia 3 general benefits - Decrease nausea/vomiting Increase appetite Reduces blood pressure in eyes Can lessen perception of pain All states laws are different Marijuana 101 Schizophrenia vs. Drug Induced Psychosis Study IQ declines • Is it addictive? Read about it here: Notre Dame ~17% of teens who try it become addicted • ~40% of daily users become addicted • - 17% of all rehab admissions • Withdrawal Symptoms:1-3 weeks after last use • Irritability - sleeplessness - aggression - Anxiety - depression - cravings Cough Syrup Abuse (with DXM) Hallucinogenic Drug when ABUSED Laws: Some states limit access to age 18+, and/or limit quantities a person can purchase Effects: Dizzy/Light Headed/Hallucinations Other Common Effects/Concerns/Issues: - Nauseous/Vomiting Fatigue Flashbacks Insomnia Permanent Damage to Thinking Skills Permanent Liver & Brain Damage Seizures Death K2/Spice: Synthetic Marijuana Marketed as Herbal Incense: Hallucinogen • More dangerous than marijuana • “couch lock” one effect – an inability to move despite being conscious. • loss of consciousness, paranoia, and occasionally, psychotic episodes,” • Synthetic cannabis is a psychoactive designer drug derived of natural herbs sprayed with synthetic chemicals • 5 of the common chemicals used to make synthetic marijuana became schedule I in march of 2011 but they come up with new drugs (like bath salts) to use Maine has banned many of the chemicals, but not all of them 4. Narcotics/Opiates/Rx Pain Drugs • Highly addictive • Relief from SEVERE pain – Nausea & drowsiness common side effects • Examples: – Heroin – Opium • Example Rx drugs: – – – – – – Morphine Oxycontin Percocet Vicodin (hydrocodone) Methadone/suboxone Lortabs More about Rx Pain Drugs Oxycontin, Percocet, Vicodin, Dilaudid, etc ALL Rx Pain Drugs are Habit Forming!! Effects: Euphoric, relaxed, drowsy, nausea, vomiting, itching -easily addictive---withdrawals same as heroin, blocks CNS ability to sense current pain signals • Controlled Release: Drugs are coated to provide pain relief over time (12 hrs.) so you can’t crush and snort it • Recreational Use: - Concern for respiratory depression - Decreased brain function - Mood changes - Confusion - Numbness in arms/legs - Vomiting/Nausea - Slurred Speech - Coma/Death - Will cause withdrawals and Tolerance •Issue in Maine? Pharm Parties Methadone/Suboxone • Treatment for Heroin & Opiate addiction • Given Orally(by pill or liquid) in methadone clinics – Binds to same NT receptors as opiates but you can function and start to work at recovery and rehab – Heroin and Rx Pain drugs will NOT make you high while on Methadone/Suboxone • Downside: this medicine is addictive too More about Heroin • Schedule I: no medical use, very addictive, CHEAPER than and easier to buy than Rx pain drugs with similar effect • Initial Effects: “Euphoric Rush”---feel warm, heavy, cloudy, drowsy • Chronic Use: Tolerance develops quickly, significant withdrawal symptoms when not high; “keep the sick off” • Withdrawals = severe pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cold flashes, muscle spasms, insomnia usually persist for one week after last use History: created in 1874 in England to help wean people off morphine. Since it was so addictive and withdrawal to heroin was worse than morphine, it became illegal in early 1905 (opium) 1924 (heroin) Narcan • Rx drug to prevent death from Heroin overdose 5. Club Drugs • Combinations of hallucinogens & stimulants • Effects: – – – – – Sweating, increases in hb, bp Increased energy & seizures Delusions & psychosis Teeth grinding & nosebleeds Heart attack and death • Examples: – Ecstasy/Molly: hallucinogen & stimulant – Ketamine (cat tranquilizer) hallucinogen & stimulant • History: created in Germany in 1900s to help make other drugs. 1985 banned for addiction potential 6. Inhalants • Not drugs, they are POISON! • Household products that produce a high by breathing them in • Trick brain into thinking it is Oxygen when it is really poison but ANY perceived “high” is really the brain shutting down (hypoxia) – Hypoxia: Decrease in the oxygen supply in the bloodstream • Effects: death, dizziness, blackout, trouble with vision and hearing, nausea, headache, memory problems – 39% of inhalant deaths are 1st time users Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome In The News VIDEO Video 2 Anabolic STEROIDS • Examples: – Testosterone & androgens – HGH Effects: • Increase muscle mass or fat if you don’t workout • Develop secondary sex characteristics (puberty) of the opposite gender • acne, infertility, liver cancer, sexual dysfunction • “Roid rage” Drug Exam Review 1. 3 parts of the brain impacted by drugs & functions limbic system, prefrontal cortex & brain stem 2. Define Tolerance & Addiction 3. ALL about alcohol & 3 reasons it’s so bad for teens 4. Effects of the 6 categories of drugs 5. Why marijuana today is stronger than it was 20 years ago 6. Brief description & effects of all the specific drugs we talked about (see back of Drug Practice Quiz 1) 7. Explain how drugs change the brain in 2 ways (neurotransmitters and receptors, leading to tolerance) 8. Drug delivery methods (fastest to slowest) 9. 2 reasons why GHB/Rohypnol is used as date rape drug 10. ½ ounce/hour rule for alcohol and .02 BAC/hour rule (know the math) 11. Healthy decision making process FYI: A “Drug Lab”