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Chapter 7 States of Consciousness chapter 7 vocab 1 Consciousness • Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. chapter 7 vocab 2 Biological rhythms • Periodic physiological fluctuations chapter 7 vocab 3 Circadian rhythm • The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle. chapter 7 vocab 4 REM sleep • Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams, only occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. chapter 7 vocab 5 Alpha waves • The relatively slow brain waves are very relaxed, awake state. chapter 7 vocab 6 Sleep • reversible loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. chapter 7 vocab 7 Hallucinations • False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. chapter 7 vocab 8 Delta waves • The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. chapter 7 vocab 9 Insomnia • Recurring problems and falling or staying asleep. chapter 7 vocab 10 Narcolepsy • A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. chapter 7 vocab 11 Sleep apnea • A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. chapter 7 vocab 12 Night terrors • A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal in an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. chapter 7 vocab 13 Dream • A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. • Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamers illusion of exceptions of the content and later difficulties remembering it. chapter 7 vocab 14 Manifest content • According to Sigmund Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream [as distinct from its latent, were hidden, content]. chapter 7 vocab 15 Latent content • According to Freud, the underlining meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve. chapter 7 vocab 16 Posthypnotic suggestion • A suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out by after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control on desired symptoms and behaviors. chapter 7 vocab 17 Disassociation • A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. chapter 7 vocab 18 Psychoactive drug • A chemical substance that alters perception and mood. chapter 7 vocab 19 Tolerance • The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug, requiring the user to take a larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs affect. chapter 7 vocab 20 Withdrawal • The discomfort and distressed that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. chapter 7 vocab 21 Physical dependence • A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. chapter 7 vocab 22 Psychological dependence • A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. chapter 7 vocab 23 Addiction • Compulsive drug craving and use. chapter 7 vocab 24 Depressants • Drugs [such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates] that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. chapter 7 vocab 25 Barbiturates • Drugs that the press yet to the of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. chapter 7 vocab 26 Opiates • Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. chapter 7 vocab 27 Stimulants • Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. chapter 7 vocab 28 Amphetamines • Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. chapter 7 vocab 29 Methamphetamine • A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. chapter 7 vocab 30 Ecstasy (MDMA) • a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. • Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons into mood and cognition. chapter 7 vocab 31 Hallucinogens • Psychedelic (“mind manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. chapter 7 vocab 32 LSD • A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. chapter 7 vocab 33 THC • Major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. chapter 7 vocab 34 Near death experience • An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. chapter 7 vocab 35 Dualism • The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. chapter 7 vocab 36 Monism • Presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. chapter 7 vocab 37 chapter 7 vocab 38