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Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Drugs are categorized under broad
subcategories called classifications
 Drugs with several types of therapeutic
effects fit under several classifications
(Aspirin)

Drug Classifications

Therapeutic Effect
 Antihypertensive
 Antiemetic
 Antibiotic
 Diuretic

Physiologic Action
 B-adrenergic
blocker
 Ca channel blocker
Classifications (cont.)

The same drug may belong to more than
one classification
 Propranalol:
B-blocker (physiologic action),
antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive
 Perphenazine: antiemetic =controls N/V,
antipsychotic = anticholinergic side effects
(dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention,
blurred vision, tachycardia, sedation)
Nomenclature/Classifications
(cont.)

Prototype Drug = representative of many
drugs within the class
 Diazepam:
Benzodiazepine,
sedative/hypnotic, antianxiety
 Similarities: pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, effects, side effects,
adverse reactions, contraindications,
drug/food interaction
Nomenclature / Drug Names

Generic
 Name
given to drug before it becomes official
 Given by the United States Adopted Names
Council
 Typically derived from chemical name
 Usually shorter
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Trade/Brand
 Name
that is registered by the manufacturer
 Followed by the trademark symbol®
 Can only be used by the manufacturer
 May have several trade names (depending on
number of manufacturers)
 The first letter of the name is capitalized
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Chemical
 Gives
exact chemical composition of the drug
 Places atoms or molecular structure
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Official
 Name
listed in the United States
Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary
 May be the same as the generic name

Acetaminophen/N-acetyl-paminophenol/Tylenol, Datil
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)




When a new drug is produced it is given a
generic name
It must be tested and approved by the FDA
Listed in the USP/NF by an official name
Producing company has an exclusive right for 17
years and other companies can produce the
same drug, but will assign own trade name
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Patient Education
 Generic
and trade name drugs have same basic
ingredients by law

Trade name drug is more expensive
 Advertising
 Pharmacy
dispension
 Though basic ingredients are same, the “fillers” may
be different (fillers may effect speed drug is dissolved
or takes effect, some dyes may cause allergic
reaction)
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Combination drugs
 Have
several generic names, but only one
trade name
 Darvocet-N-100 = Acetaminophen 650mg,
Propoxypene napsylate, 100mg
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Trade names with numbers
 The
number refers to the amount of one of the
generic components
 A differentiating factor
 Number represents the amount of the
controlled substance
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Trade Name
Empirin
Empirin #1
Generic Name
Aspirin 325mg
Aspirin 325 mg
Codeine Phosphate 7.5mg
Empirin #2
Aspirin 325 mg
Codeine Phosphate 15mg
The larger the number, the greater the amount of the
controlled substance contained therein.
Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)

Potential med errors
 Trade
name misinterpreted for the # of tablets
to give
 Allergic reaction to one of the generic
components (check for aspirin allergy)
 Giving 2 #3’s instead of one #4 (doubles the
dose of aspirin from 325mg to 650mg)
Drug References

PDR = Physician’s Desk Reference
 Distributed
to practicing physicians
 All drugs cross referenced






White “manufacturer’s index” (company that makes drug)
Pink “product index” (trade and generic name)
Blue “product category index” (drug classification)
Green (description of substances used for medical testing)
Photographs of many drugs
List of all US Poison Control Centers
Drug References (cont.)

PDR (cont.)
 Geared
for physicians
 Lengthy descriptions
 Difficult to identify what is most important to
remember
 No easily identifiable nursing implications
Drug References (cont.)

USP/DI = US Pharmacopaeia/Dispensing
Information
 Must
be purchased
 Practical guidelines for the patient (everyday
language)
 Tips for proper use of medication and what
precautions to take
Drug References (cont.)

AHFS = American Health-System
Formulary Service
 Good,
concise information
 Arranged by classification with a description
of each classification at the beginning of each
section
Drug References (cont.)

Compendium of Drug Therapy
 Distributed
to physicians
 2 hardback volumes
 Easy to read
 Photographs of drugs
 Phone # of major pharmaceutical companies
 Poison control centers listed
Drug References (cont.)

Davis’s Drug Guide
 Best

resource for nursing
Includes nursing implications
Assessment
 Potential nursing diagnoses
 Implementation
 Patient/family teaching
 Evaluation

 Well
organized
Terms

Indication
 Medical
condition for which the drug is meant
to be used
 Benadryl = allergic skin reaction, mild
Parkinsonian symptoms, nasal allergies
Terms (cont.)

Action
 Cellular
changes that occur as a result of the
drug
 Know which body system is affected
 Benadryl competes with histamine for cell
receptor sites on effector cell
Terms (cont.)

Contraindication
 Condition
for which the drug should not be
given
 Pregnancy, lactation
Terms (cont.)

Warning & Precaution
 Conditions
or types of patients that warrant
closer observation for specific side effects
when given drug
 Hx of bronchial asthma, HTN
Terms (cont.)

Side Effects & Adverse Reaction
 List
of possible unpleasant or dangerous
secondary effects other than the desired effects
 Benadryl causes sedation, dizziness, thickening of
bronchial secretion
 Ototoxicity – aspirin
 Nephrotoxicity – gentamycin
 Photosensitivity – antipsychotic/Haloperidol
Terms (cont.)

Interaction
 Other
foods or drugs that may alter the effect
of the drug
 MAO inhibitors have major interaction, some
causing BP changes and even death
Sources of Drugs

Any chemical substance taken into body
for the purpose of affecting body function
is referred to as a drug
Sources of Drugs (cont.)

Plants = primary source of substances used in
human body
 Berries,

Minerals = from the earth & soil
 Iron,

sulfur, potassium, silver & even gold
Animals = substances from the glands, organs &
tissues of animals
 Pork

bark, leaves, resin from trees, roots
insulin
Synthetic = man made (test tube drugs)
Sources of Drugs

Plants
Example
Trade Name
Classification
Chinchona Bark
Quinidine
Antiarrhythmic
Purple Foxglove
Digitalis
Cardiotonic
Poppy Plant
(Opium)
Paregoric,
Morphine,
Codeine
Antidiarrheal,
Analgesic,
Analgesic,
Antitussive
Sources of Drugs

Minerals
Example
Trade Name
Classification
Magnesium
Milk of Magnesia
Antacid, Laxative
Zinc
Zinc Oxide Oint.
Sunscreen, Skin
Protectant
Gold
Solganal, Auranofin Anti-inflammatory;
Used in tx of
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Sources of Drugs

Animals
Example
Trade Name
Classification
Pancreas of Cow,
Hog
Insulin; regular,
NPH, PZI
Antidiabetic
Hormone
Stomach of Cow,
Hog
Pepsin
Digestive
Hormone
Thyroid Gland
Of Animals
Thyroid, USP
Hormone
Sources of Drugs

Synthetic
Example
Trade Name
Classification
Meperidine
Demerol
Analgesic
Diphenoxylate
Lomotil
Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole
Bactrim, Septra
Anti-Infective
Sulfonamide;
Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s
Effects of Drugs

Systemic
 Effect

is made throughout body (Tylenol)
Local
 Affects
are limited to the area of the body
where it is administered (Preparation H for
hemorrhoidal pain)
Drug Actions
Depressing
 Stimulating
 Destroying
 Replacing Substances

Questions???