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Doping in Sports Analysis of the use of doping in professional sports Performance-enhancing drugs in sport The use of performance-enhancing drugs in human sport is commonly referred to by the term doping, particularly by those organizations that regulate competitions. The use of performance enhancing drugs is mostly done to improve athletic performance. This is why many sports ban the use of performance enhancing drugs. Another similar use of medical technology is called blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical by most international sports organizations and especially the International Olympic Committee, although ethicists have argued that it is little different from the use of new materials in the construction of suits and sporting equipment, which similarly aid performance and can give competitors an unfair advantage over others. The reasons for the ban are mainly the alleged health risks of performanceenhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary effect of "clean" ("doping-free") sports for the public. Regulatory of doping The regulations prohibit sports doping, strictly specifying the types and doses of drugs allowed, and put in writing the requirement for athletes to submit to doping control, conducted by analysis of urine and in some cases even blood (cross checking). Athletes who test positive for analysis (in recent years, prefers the term non-negative) are disqualified for a period longer or shorter, in cases of relapse can be reached in disqualification for life. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has established a special agency, WADA, which deals with the fight against doping. In recent years in Italy and other countries has become a doping offense, under the case of sporting fraud. It is the law of December 14, 2000 n. 376 "Regulation on the protection of health of the sport and the fight against doping", which allows more precise individuation of the doping and allows you to more effectively target a practice that was previously punishable only on the sport. It is punishable by both the athlete who uses performance-enhancing drugs, is the doctor who prescribes or administers, or those who trade in prohibited drugs. On October 23, 2007 is approved the introduction of the biological passport, a document that records the personal profile (blood and urine values) of each rider. The decree of 12 March 2009 approved a performance-enhancing substances considered, divided into five sections. Diffusion of doping The countries of Eastern Europe (DDR in the first place), played the role of pioneers in this field, applying a systematic doping in the period from the fifties to the eighties especially in athletes who participated in the Olympics. Little was known of the side effects data from substances administered to the athletes, while the improvements were evident in terms of physical structure and competitive results, especially for female athletes who were "treated" with male hormones. This has led to serious physical and psychological damage to many athletes and there are some who actually like the weightlifter Heidi Krieger was forced now given the enormous changes in the physical to become a man. Effects of doping In sports which physical strength is favored, athletes have resorted to anabolic steroids, known for their ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass79. The drug mimics the effect of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the body80. They were developed after Eastern Bloc countries demonstrated success in weightlifting during the 1940's81. At the time they were using testosterone, which carried with it negative effects; anabolic steroids were developed as a solution. The drug has been used across a wide range of sports from football and basketball. Effect of doping in men Acne Impaired liver function Impotency Breast formation Increase in estrogen Errectile dysfunction Increased sex drive Male pattern baldness Effect of doping in women Hair loss Male pattern baldness Hypertrophy of the clitoris Increased sex drive Irregularities of the menstrual cycle Development of masculine facial traits Increased coarseness of the skin Premature closure of the epiphysis Origins of doping Doping has probably the same age of sport. It 'was born when man wanted to compare their skills with his fellow man or animals (reproducing the scenes of battles and hunting events for recreational purposes) and to do so, began to prepare for comparison with the aid of any system. Doping, more or less subtly crept as unfair and dangerous practice for the achievement of the sport and, therefore, for the achievement of awards and honors as easier and faster. The goal was to win. Not only in races where the outcome was marked by life or death of participants, but also to get the first prize. Money, property of the state devolved, exemption from military service constituted the most coveted post, even for the young athletes of ancient Greece who participated in the first Olympics. ? The story goes that the gladiators, before descending into the arena of the Flavian Amphitheatre, were used to take a drink prepared with a mixture of sweat of the "colleagues" in meeting the winners of the previous day and the sand of the "field of play "he had received the blood of the vanquished. Beyond preparations purely symbolic meanings and pseudo-magic, among the Romans, and at many other ancient peoples were widespread practices "doping" may also have some pharmacological significance. There are reports of preparations made from fermented fruit with a high alcohol content (to give the athlete euphoria and reduce the fear of confrontation), food prepared with entrails and testicles of a bull (with vague meaning anabolic), extracts of passionflower and lime (anxiolytic effect) and other improbable mixtures with more or less mild pharmacological effect. Use of doping in the modern age The first documented death of an athlete due to reckless use of performance-enhancing drugs dates back to 1896 when the cyclist Arthur Linton, Bordeaux-Paris during the race, he suffered a heart attack following an overdose of stimulants. In the early decades of 1900 was very much in use, especially among cyclists, the practice of preparing and consuming, even during the race itself, the so-called "bombs": true mixtures composed of associations of natural or artificial stimulants diluted in water bottle with wine or water. A cura di: Alessandro Baglivi Danilo De Gaetano