Download Personal Health 2002 Chapter 5 Human Sexuality

An Invitation to Health
Chapter 10
Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse
Dr. Lana Zinger.
©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Drug Terminology
Drug: any substance that alters the user’s ability to function,
Including over-the-counter drugs, prescription medications,
and illegal substances.
Drug Misuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of overthe-counter or prescribed medications.
Drug Abuse: excessive drug use that’s inconsistent with
accepted medical practice.
Toxicity: the dosage level at which a drug becomes poisonous
to the body, causing either temporary or permanent damage.
Routes of Administration of Drugs
Drug-Drug Interactions
Additive
Synergistic
Potentiating
Antagonistic
Commonly Misused
Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs
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Aspirin
Nonsteroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs
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Ibuprofen
Nasal Sprays
Laxatives
Eye Drops
Sleep Aids
Cough Syrup
Prescription Drugs
Potential Complications
Nonadherence
Recurrent infections, serious medical complications, and emergency
hospital treatment.
Physical Side Effects
Heart failure, heart attack, seizures, kidney and liver failure, severe
blood disorders, birth defects, blindness, memory problems, and
allergic reactions.
Psychological Side Effects
Depressive symptoms vs. agitation and anxiety.
Drug Interactions
OTC drugs, prescription drugs, alcohol, vitamins and minerals, and
food components.
Drug Interactions
Substance Use Terminology
ADDICTION
The habitual use of substances, such as alcohol,
psychoactive drugs, and nicotine, and also to compulsive
behaviors, such as overeating.
DRUG
ABUSE
The use of chemical substances that results in physical,
mental, emotional, or social impairment.
DRUG
MISUSE
The occasionally inappropriate or unintentional use of
a medication.
PHYSICAL
DEPENDENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCE
When a person develops tolerance to the effects of a
drug and needs larger and larger doses to achieve
intoxication or another desired effect.
A state in which individuals crave drugs to satisfy
some personality or emotional need.
Warning Signs Of A
Substance Use Disorder
An Abrupt Change In Attitude
Mood Swings
A Decline In Performance
Increased Sensitivity
Secrecy
Physical Changes
Money Problems
Changes in Appearance
Defiance of Restrictions
Changes in Relationships
What Causes Drug Dependence and Abuse?
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The Biology of Dependence
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The Psychology of Vulnerability
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Difficulty controlling impulses, a lack of values that may
constrain drug use, low self-esteem, feelings of
powerlessness, denial, and depression or anxiety.
Early Influences
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Dopamine, glutamine, GABA, and norepinephrine.
Lower socioeconomic backgrounds, family instability, a lack
of realistic, rewarding alternatives and role models, and
increased hopelessness.
Teen Drug Use
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Early use of tobacco and alcohol is linked with a greater
likelihood of marijuana use, which in turn increases the
likelihood of other illegal drug use.
Dopamine Levels For Cocaine
Factors Influencing Student Drug Use
Race/Ethnicity
Sexual Identity
Environment
Perception of Risk
Alcohol Use
Common Drugs Of Abuse
Cannabis
Club Drugs/
Designer Drugs
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Marijuana
MDMA, MDA,
MDEA
Amphetamines
Alcohol
PCP
Solvents,
Aerosols
Cocaine
Barbituates
LSD
Rohypnol
GHB
Nitrates
Tobacco/
Nicotine
Tranquilizers
Narcotics/
Opioids
Mescaline
Nitrous
Oxide
Cannabis
Marijuana and Hashish
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The Facts
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Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug in the
United States (~12 million Americans).
Marijuana is a drug derived from the cannabis plant that
contains the active ingredient THC.
How Users Feel
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A mild sense of euphoria, a sense of slowed time, a
dreamy type of self-absorption, and some impairment in
thinking and communicating.
The euphoria peaks within a half hour and usually lasts
about three hours.
Potential for marijuana withdrawal syndrome.
Some Bodily Effects of
Marijuana
Do Students Want Marijuana Legalized?
Club Drugs (Designer Drugs)
Alcohol
LSD
(acid)
MDMA
(ecstasy)
GHB
GBL
Ketamine
(Special K)
Fentanyl
Rohypnol
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine
Club Drugs
Ecstasy
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The Facts
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Ecstasy is the common street name for
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
MDMA belongs to a family of drugs called enactogens.
How Users Feel
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MDMA is a mood elevator which produces a relaxed,
euphoric state, but does not produce hallucinations.
The effects of MDMA begin in 45 minutes and last for 2
to 4 hours.
Club Drugs
The Risks of Ecstasy
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Psychological Difficulties
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Physical Symptoms/Side Effects
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Confusion, depression (neurotoxicity), sleep problems,
drug cravings, severe anxiety, and paranoia.
Muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea,
blurred vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, chills,
sweating, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Hyperthermia and hepatitis.
Psychological Dependence
Club Drugs
GHB/GBL
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The Facts
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GHB stimulates the release of human growth hormone,
but has no known effects on muscle growth.
When GLB, an industrial solvent, is ingested it is
converted to GHB.
How Users Feel
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Smaller doses induce euphoria and enhance sex due to a
rise in dopamine in the brain.
Larger doses can cause individuals to pass out and
possibly fall into a coma.
Club Drugs
The Risks of GHB/GBL
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Side Effects
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Nausea, amnesia, hallucinations, decreased heart rate,
convulsions, and sometimes blackouts/coma.
Long Term Side Effects
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Withdrawal reaction including rapid heartbeat, tremor,
insomnia, anxiety, and occasionally hallucinations that
last a few days to a week.
The danger is greatest when GHB is mixed with alcohol
or opiates.
Club Drugs
Ketamine (K)
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The Facts
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Ketamine is an anesthetic used by veterinarians.
K blocks chemical messengers in the brain that carry
sensory input thereby leading to hallucinations.
Side Effects
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At high doses, K can cause delirium, amnesia, impaired
motor function, high blood pressure, depression, and
potentially fatal respiratory problems.
Stimulants
Amphetamines & Methamphetamine
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The Facts
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Amphetamines trigger the release of epinephrine
(adrenaline) which stimulates the central nervous system.
Methamphetamine is a powerful addictive stimulant.
Meth remains in the central nervous system and the body,
producing prolonged stimulant effects.
How Users Feel
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Amphetamines produce a state of hyper-alertness and
energy.
High doses make users feel wired: talkative, excited,
restless, irritable, anxious, and moody.
Meth produces long-lasting toxic effects, including
psychosis, violence, seizures, and cardiovascular
abnormalities.
Stimulants
Amphetamines & Methamphetamine
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Side Effects
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Bingeing and crashing.
Feelings of grandiosity, anxiety, tension, anger,
agitation, paranoia, and impaired judgment.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Long Term Side Effects
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Malnutrition, skin disorders, ulcers, insomnia,
depression, vitamin deficiencies, sexual dysfunction
and impaired concentration or memory, and, in
some cases, brain damage.
Cocaine
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An estimated 5 million people in the United States use
cocaine.
Cocaine is a white crystalline powder extracted from the leaves
of the South American coca plant.
Routes of Administration:
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Smoked (freebasing/crack)
Sniffed/Snorted
Injected (speedballing)
How Users Feel
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Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system producing feelings of
soaring well-being and boundless energy.
After a brief period of euphoria, users slump into depression.
Forms of Cocaine
Some Effects Of Cocaine On The Body
Depressants
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
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The Facts
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Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotics.
Commonly prescribed for tension, muscular strain, sleep
problems, anxiety, panic attacks, anesthesia, and in the
treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
Rohypnol – date rape drug.
How Users Feel
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Low doses reduce or relieve tension, but may cause rapid
mood changes, impaired judgment, and impaired social
and occupational functioning.
High doses produce slurred speech, drowsiness, and
stupor.
Depressants
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
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Side Effects
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Physical and psychological dependence within two
to four weeks.
Cross-tolerance.
Mood and behavior changes, slurred speech, poor
coordination, unsteady gait, involuntary eye
movements, impaired attention or memory, and
stupor and coma.
Synergistic effect when used in combination with
alcohol.
Depressants
Opioids and Nonopioid Synthetic Drugs
Opium
“Mother drug”; A base compound for all natural narcotics.
Creates euphoria and escape from reality.
Morphin
e
Heroin
Main alkaloid found in opium; used medically to kill pain
and sedate. Ten times stronger than opium.
Codeine
A natural derivative of opium used as a cough suppressant
or mild painkiller.
Dilaudid
Semisynthetic derivative of morphine, legitimately used as a
cough suppressant and an analgesic for treating severe pain.
Percodan
A semi-synthetic cough-suppressing and analgesic
medication which is more potent than codeine.
Demerol
Short-acting synthetic narcotic used as an analgesic or a
painkiller; usually injected.
Narcotic drug derived from morphine that is 35 times
stronger than morphine. Skin-popping vs. mainlining.
Depressants
Opioids and Nonopioid Synthetic Drugs
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How Users Feel
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Side Effects
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All opioids relax the user, and impart feelings of
euphoria and provide pain relief.
Addiction, lethargy, weight loss, loss of sex drive,
anxiety, insomnia and restlessness.
Overdose causes shock, coma, and depressed
respiration.
Long Term Injection of Opioids: infections of the heart
lining and valves, skin absesses, and lung
congestion.
Methadone Maintenance
Hallucinogens
Definition: a group of mind-altering drugs that affect the
brain and nervous system bringing about changes in thought,
self-awareness, emotion and sensation.
Natural Sources of
Hallucinogens
Synthesized
Hallucinogens
 LSD
 PCP
Morning glories, jimsonweed, nutmeg, mace,
peyote cactus, and psychodelic mushrooms
LSD: lysergic acid diethylamide-24; a
psychedelic drug that produces distorted
reality.
 PCP: an anesthetic that blocks nerve
receptors from pain and temperature
without producing numbness; angel dust.
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Inhalants
Definition: drugs that produce vapors that cause psychoactive
Effects when inhaled or sniffed.
Examples
Potential Side
Effects
Model airplane glue, gasoline, paint thinner,
transmission fluid, lighter fluid, liquid shoe
polish, and fingernail polish remover.
Gastroenteritis, depressed muscle tone, damage
to the liver and kidneys, nervous system
dysfunction, and bone marrow disorders.
Treating Drug
Dependence and Abuse
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Recognize the reality of the
problem.
Consult a physician, counseling
center, or local mental health
clinic.
Intervention modalities:
 Medical care
 Medication
 Detoxification
 Individual psychotherapy
 Marital and family therapy
 Behavior modification
 12-step programs